New insights into saline water evaporation from porous media: Complex interaction between evaporation rates, precipitation, and surface temperature

Shokri-Kuehni, Salomé M. S.; Vetter, Thomas; Webb, Colin; Shokri, Nima

doi:10.1002/2017gl073337

Cited by 61 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This was demonstrated experimentally, as the transition to third stage evaporation appeared earlier with lower cumulative evaporation for the sand with the lower number of nucleations (Figure 2), in agreement with other studies (Eloukabi et al, 2013;Gupta et al, 2014;Nachshon & Weisbrod, 2015;Shokri-Kuehni, Vetter, et al, 2017) that have shown that as long as the salt crust effectively delivers water by capillarity toward the salt atmosphere interface, its impact on evaporation is minor. These pillars probably were nucleation centers at the beginning of the evaporation process, and they have two important features: (1) to support the ESC structure and (2) to deliver solutes from the matrix to the growing ESC.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…On the other hand, several works visualized the precipitated salt crust with high-resolution X-ray scanners and scanning electron microscopy and showed that the typical pores of the salt crust are much smaller than those of the underlying soil (Norouzi Rad et al, 2013;Norouzi & Shokri, 2014); therefore, capillary flow of water from the wet matrix to the salt crust should take place ( Figure 1a2). This is in accord with other works that reported on capillary flow of water through ESC (Sghaier & Prat, 2009;Gupta et al, 2014;Shokri-Kuehni, Vetter, et al, 2017).…”

Section: 1029/2018gl078363supporting

confidence: 93%

“…With respect to evaporation-the low spatial proportion of the pillars compared to the entire surface of the ESC is critical, as if more salt pillars were present and a greater proportion of the ESC was in direct contact with the wet matrix; the major water transport from the matrix to the atmosphere would be by capillary water flow rather than by vapor diffusion. This was demonstrated experimentally, as the transition to third stage evaporation appeared earlier with lower cumulative evaporation for the sand with the lower number of nucleations (Figure 2), in agreement with other studies (Eloukabi et al, 2013;Gupta et al, 2014;Nachshon & Weisbrod, 2015;Shokri-Kuehni, Vetter, et al, 2017) that have shown that as long as the salt crust effectively delivers water by capillarity toward the salt atmosphere interface, its impact on evaporation is minor.…”

Section: Geophysical Research Letterssupporting

confidence: 90%

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NaCl Crust Architecture and Its Impact on Evaporation: Three‐Dimensional Insights

Nachshon

Weisbrod

Katzir

et al. 2018

Geophysical Research Letters

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Salt precipitation over porous media due to evaporation is known to affect various important processes, including evaporation itself. Many studies have shown that salt crust precipitation reduces evaporation rate, and it has been suggested that the crust constitutes a barrier to vapor flow. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how a porous medium such as the salt crust does not enable upward liquid water transfer by capillary flow. Herein, we show by various imaging methods that the salt crust grows out of specific nucleation centers, to create an elevated crust approximately 1 mm above the matrix surface, most of which is disconnected from the matrix. This indicates that evaporation from a porous medium that is covered by NaCl efflorescence salt crust may occur below the crust, at the soil surface.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: 1029/2018gl078363supporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Geophysical Research Letterssupporting

confidence: 90%

See 1 more Smart Citation

NaCl Crust Architecture and Its Impact on Evaporation: Three‐Dimensional Insights

Nachshon

Weisbrod

Katzir

et al. 2018

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…Previous experiments related to the salt effects on the soil conditions and their hydrologic characteristics are summarized in Table . In these studies, the complex interactions between evaporation processes, soil salt distribution and the infiltration characteristics were mentioned and discussed (Shokri, ; Norouzi Rad & Shokri, ; Rad, Shokri, Keshmiri, & Withers, ; Dai, Shin, & Santamarina, ; Shokri Kuehni, Vetter, Webb, & Shokri, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water flow and salt transport in bare saline‐sodic soils subjected to evaporation and intermittent irrigation with saline/distilled water

Liu

She

2019

Land Degrad Dev

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Sustainable development of coastal reclamation areas is severely restricted by the high soil salt content and irrigation water salinity. We investigated the water flow and salt transport in open soil columns subjected to evaporation and intermittent irrigation with saline/distilled water by long-term wetting-drying cycles. The study included two different soil materials (silt loam and silty clay) with four to five soil sodicity levels. Three groups of experiments with three replicates were imposed: silt loam × 5 sodicity level, silty clay × 5 sodicity level, and 2 soil textures × 5 irrigation water qualities. Three irrigations were conducted in Spring to early Autumn (March 2, June 30, and September 8), whereas the soil columns were subjected to the natural evaporation without rainfall throughout the period September 9 to March 1. The average daily soil evaporation rate significantly decreased with the soil clay content (pr = −0.55; P < 0.001), soil exchangeable sodium percentage (pr = −0.54; P < 0.001), and irrigation water salinity (pr = −0.32; P < 0.001). The soil properties were the major factors responsible for controlling evaporation, whereas the irrigation water salinity was the less important factor. Soil salt distribution was significantly affected by the soil clay content (pr = 0.82; P < 0.001), soil depth (pr = 0.68; P < 0.05), soil exchangeable sodium percentage (pr = 0.85; P < 0.001), and irrigation water salinity (pr = 0.37; P < 0.001). The magnitudes of the steady-state infiltration rate i c and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity Ks were largely reduced by wetting-drying cycles, especially for the silty clay. Understanding water flow and salt transport in salinesodic soils subjected to evaporation and intermittent irrigation with saline/distilled water is important for improving the soil desalination project and strategy.

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“…Different phenomena affect the dynamics of the precipitated salt in a porous medium [31][32][33] . The effect of brine mobility and the initial liquid saturation has been studied 34-37 , showing that the drying fronts move with minute salt deposition for low brine concentration and low mobility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Wettability Changes on Evaporation Rate and the Permeability Impairment due to Salt Deposition

Rufai

Crawshaw

2018

ACS Earth Space Chem.

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Pore-scale visualization was employed to investigate evaporative drying of brine and associated salt deposition at different wetting conditions, using a 2.5D etchedsilicon/glass micromodel based on a thin section image of a carbonate rock. We also compared air drying with CO 2 drying, with the latter having important applications in CO 2 sequestration processes. The resulting permeability impairment was also measured.For deionized-water in a water-wet model, we observed the three classical periods of evaporation: the constant rate period (CRP), the falling rate period (FRP) and the receding front period (RFP). The length of the deionized-water CRP was much shorter for a uniformly oil-wet model, but mixed wettability made little difference to the drying process. For brine systems at all wetting conditions, the dry area became linear with the square root of time after a short CRP. Although this is due to the deposited salt acting as a physical barrier to hydraulic connectivity, unlike the case of deionized-water which is due to capillary disconnection from the fracture channel.For water-wet model, we observed two regions of a linear downward trend in the matrix and fracture permeability measurements. A similar trend was observed for the mixed-wet systems. However, for the oil-wet systems, fracture permeability only changes slightly even for 360g/L brine, a result of the absence of salt deposits in the fracture caused by the early rupture of the liquid wetting films needed to aid hydraulic connectivity. Overall, matrix permeability for all wetting conditions decreased with increasing brine concentration and was almost total for the 360g/L brine. Finally, using CO 2 rather than air as carrier gas makes the brine phase more wetting especially in the deionized-water case, with the result that hydraulic connectivity was maintained for longer in the CO 2 case compared to dry-out with air.

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New insights into saline water evaporation from porous media: Complex interaction between evaporation rates, precipitation, and surface temperature

Cited by 61 publications

References 29 publications

NaCl Crust Architecture and Its Impact on Evaporation: Three‐Dimensional Insights

NaCl Crust Architecture and Its Impact on Evaporation: Three‐Dimensional Insights

Water flow and salt transport in bare saline‐sodic soils subjected to evaporation and intermittent irrigation with saline/distilled water

Effect of Wettability Changes on Evaporation Rate and the Permeability Impairment due to Salt Deposition

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