New concepts in benzodiazepine therapy: Rebound anxiety and new indications for the more potent benzodiazepines

Role of TRPV1 channels of the dorsal periaqueductal gray in the modulation of nociception and open elevated plus maze-induced antinociception in mice

“…This assumption is supported by previous results showing that (i) the magnitude of the antinociceptive response is higher in oEPM-than in sEPMexposed animals [30,42]; (ii) an ethopharmacological analysis of the mouse oEPM revealed that while the defensive behaviors were markedly attenuated by systemic administration of alprazolam, only marginal effects were observed with diazepam [43]. Given that alprazolam is pharmacologically more potent than diazepam [56,57] and that diazepam produces robust anti-anxiety effects in sEPM-exposed rodents (e.g. [58,59]), it seems reasonable to suggest that oEPM is potentially more aversive than the sEPM.…”

Role of TRPV1 channels of the dorsal periaqueductal gray in the modulation of nociception and open elevated plus maze-induced antinociception in mice

“…This assumption is supported by previous results showing that (i) the magnitude of the antinociceptive response is higher in oEPM-than in sEPMexposed animals [30,42]; (ii) an ethopharmacological analysis of the mouse oEPM revealed that while the defensive behaviors were markedly attenuated by systemic administration of alprazolam, only marginal effects were observed with diazepam [43]. Given that alprazolam is pharmacologically more potent than diazepam [56,57] and that diazepam produces robust anti-anxiety effects in sEPM-exposed rodents (e.g. [58,59]), it seems reasonable to suggest that oEPM is potentially more aversive than the sEPM.…”

Initial study of methylclonazepam in generalized anxiety disorder

“…With similar methodological refinements (i.e. the use of DSM-III criteria and a duration of illness of at least 6 months), Fontaine et al (1983) were able to show a clear superiority of bromazepam over diazepam in two parallel groups of 24 patients suffering from generalized anxiety. However, the dosages of bromazepam (18 mg/day) and diazepam (20 rag/day) remained unchanged throughout the 4-week trial, and it can be argued that the apparent superiority of bromazepam reflects only proportionately higher dosage, as suggested by the higher rate of sedative sideeffects in the bromazepam-treated group.…”

Amygdaloid involvement in the defensive behavior of mice exposed to the open elevated plus-maze

“…In a recent factor analytic study, we reported that total SAP load on a factor indicating a relationship to defensive or 'cautious' exploration of the arms while the independent loading of head-dipping was consistent with depth exploration [9]. Moreover, systemic administration of alprazolam, a highly potent anxiolytic agent [13], decreased SAP and increased headdipping in mice exposed to the oEPM [9]. Significantly, when displayed in a conventional or standard elevated plus-maze (sEPM), SAP and HD behaviors have been related to risk assessment and, as such, the currently observed changes in these behaviors are entirely consistent with an attenuation of anxiety [41,42].…”

Role of TRPV1 channels of the dorsal periaqueductal gray in the modulation of nociception and open elevated plus maze-induced antinociception in mice

“…This assumption is supported by previous results showing that (i) the magnitude of the antinociceptive response is higher in oEPM-than in sEPMexposed animals [30,42]; (ii) an ethopharmacological analysis of the mouse oEPM revealed that while the defensive behaviors were markedly attenuated by systemic administration of alprazolam, only marginal effects were observed with diazepam [43]. Given that alprazolam is pharmacologically more potent than diazepam [56,57] and that diazepam produces robust anti-anxiety effects in sEPM-exposed rodents (e.g. [58,59]), it seems reasonable to suggest that oEPM is potentially more aversive than the sEPM.…”

Initial study of methylclonazepam in generalized anxiety disorder

“…With similar methodological refinements (i.e. the use of DSM-III criteria and a duration of illness of at least 6 months), Fontaine et al (1983) were able to show a clear superiority of bromazepam over diazepam in two parallel groups of 24 patients suffering from generalized anxiety. However, the dosages of bromazepam (18 mg/day) and diazepam (20 rag/day) remained unchanged throughout the 4-week trial, and it can be argued that the apparent superiority of bromazepam reflects only proportionately higher dosage, as suggested by the higher rate of sedative sideeffects in the bromazepam-treated group.…”

Amygdaloid involvement in the defensive behavior of mice exposed to the open elevated plus-maze

“…In a recent factor analytic study, we reported that total SAP load on a factor indicating a relationship to defensive or 'cautious' exploration of the arms while the independent loading of head-dipping was consistent with depth exploration [9]. Moreover, systemic administration of alprazolam, a highly potent anxiolytic agent [13], decreased SAP and increased headdipping in mice exposed to the oEPM [9]. Significantly, when displayed in a conventional or standard elevated plus-maze (sEPM), SAP and HD behaviors have been related to risk assessment and, as such, the currently observed changes in these behaviors are entirely consistent with an attenuation of anxiety [41,42].…”

Role of TRPV1 channels of the dorsal periaqueductal gray in the modulation of nociception and open elevated plus maze-induced antinociception in mice

“…This assumption is supported by previous results showing that (i) the magnitude of the antinociceptive response is higher in oEPM-than in sEPMexposed animals [30,42]; (ii) an ethopharmacological analysis of the mouse oEPM revealed that while the defensive behaviors were markedly attenuated by systemic administration of alprazolam, only marginal effects were observed with diazepam [43]. Given that alprazolam is pharmacologically more potent than diazepam [56,57] and that diazepam produces robust anti-anxiety effects in sEPM-exposed rodents (e.g. [58,59]), it seems reasonable to suggest that oEPM is potentially more aversive than the sEPM.…”

Initial study of methylclonazepam in generalized anxiety disorder

“…With similar methodological refinements (i.e. the use of DSM-III criteria and a duration of illness of at least 6 months), Fontaine et al (1983) were able to show a clear superiority of bromazepam over diazepam in two parallel groups of 24 patients suffering from generalized anxiety. However, the dosages of bromazepam (18 mg/day) and diazepam (20 rag/day) remained unchanged throughout the 4-week trial, and it can be argued that the apparent superiority of bromazepam reflects only proportionately higher dosage, as suggested by the higher rate of sedative sideeffects in the bromazepam-treated group.…”

Amygdaloid involvement in the defensive behavior of mice exposed to the open elevated plus-maze

“…In a recent factor analytic study, we reported that total SAP load on a factor indicating a relationship to defensive or 'cautious' exploration of the arms while the independent loading of head-dipping was consistent with depth exploration [9]. Moreover, systemic administration of alprazolam, a highly potent anxiolytic agent [13], decreased SAP and increased headdipping in mice exposed to the oEPM [9]. Significantly, when displayed in a conventional or standard elevated plus-maze (sEPM), SAP and HD behaviors have been related to risk assessment and, as such, the currently observed changes in these behaviors are entirely consistent with an attenuation of anxiety [41,42].…”