Neuropeptide receptors as potential pharmacological targets for obesity

Childhood and adolescent obesity have reached epidemic levels in the United States. Currently, about 17% of US children are presenting with obesity. Obesity can affect all aspects of the children including their psychological as well as cardiovascular health; also, their overall physical health is affected. The association between obesity and other conditions makes it a public health concern for children and adolescents. Due to the increase in the prevalence of obesity among children, a variety of research studies have been conducted to discover what associations and risk factors increase the probability that a child will present with obesity. While a complete picture of all the risk factors associated with obesity remains elusive, the combination of diet, exercise, physiological factors, and psychological factors is important in the control and prevention of childhood obesity; thus, all researchers agree that prevention is the key strategy for controlling the current problem. Primary prevention methods are aimed at educating the child and family, as well as encouraging appropriate diet and exercise from a young age through adulthood, while secondary prevention is targeted at lessening the effect of childhood obesity to prevent the child from continuing the unhealthy habits and obesity into adulthood. A combination of both primary and secondary prevention is necessary to achieve the best results. This review article highlights the health implications including physiological and psychological factors comorbidities, as well as the epidemiology, risk factors, prevention, and control of childhood and adolescent obesity in the United States.

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“…Obesity can be triggered by genetic, psychological, lifestyle, nutritional, environmental, and hormonal factors. 15…”

Section: Physiology Of Energy Regulation and Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood and Adolescent Obesity in the United States: A Public Health Concern

Sanyaolu

Okorie

Qi³

et al. 2019

Global Pediatric Health

272

187

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“…12,17 The role of neuropeptide Y includes regulating lipid metabolic homeostasis and survival via lipolysis and thermogenesis control pathways in a negative balance. 12,13,22 Neuropeptide Y is an appetite stimulator that increases fat collection through insulin and corticosteroid secretion, increases hepatic glucose utilization, reduces muscle glucose, increases glucose utilization by white fat tissue, activates brown fat tissue metabolism, decreases sympathetic activity, increases parasympathetic activity, and decreases thermogenesis 2,3,14,23 . Neurons containing neuropeptide Y become active during negative energy balance conditions such as hunger, dietary restrictions, breastfeeding, physical exercise, and uncontrolled diabetes 4,24,25 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Motivation and appetite are important phenomena in human life to maintain energy balance and body weight 1,2 . Increased appetite temporarily or permanently leads to weight gain and thus the risk of obesity is greater 3,4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Neuropeptide Y Serum, But Not in Fat Intake and Body Mass Index

Sari

Ichwan

Masyithah

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: One’s appetite has a role in controlling food intake and maintaining energy balance, but its effect on body metabolism related to obesity is still questionable. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of neuropeptide Y in healthy people and to see differences in gender and anthropometric parameters. The hypothesis of this study was that there would be differences in neuropeptide Y levels in groups with gender and anthropometric parameter differences. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study involving 62 study subjects, male and female, who did not have chronic diseases or metabolic disorders. This research was conducted from April to September 2020. The parameters examined in this study were neuropeptide Y levels and anthropometric parameters. The statistical analysis performed was the Mann-Whitney test to see the differences between groups. Results: The mean age of the research subjects was 40.48 ± 10.85 years, with the same ethnic distribution. The distribution of men and women was more women than men. Based on anthropometric examination, it was found that obesity nutritional status was more common in the female group than in the male group; however, serum neuropeptide Y levels were found to be significantly different between male and female groups (male group was higher). Conclusions: The study found significant differences in serum neuropeptide Y levels in male and female groups.

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“…Neuropeptides are implicated in multiple physiological processes and, consequently, numerous disease processes [47]. Disease areas where neuropeptides play a key role and where neuropeptide signalling systems are a validated therapeutic target or are actively being investigated as a therapeutic target include obesity, heart failure, epilepsy, sleep disorders, autism and depression [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55].…”

Section: Clinical Application Of Neuropeptidesmentioning

confidence: 99%