Neuronal Responses in Visual Area V2 (V2) of Macaque Monkeys with Strabismic Amblyopia

Bai, Hua; Zhang, B.; Tao, Xiaofeng; Harwerth, Ronald S.; Smith, Earl L.; Chino, Yuzo M.

doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq272

Cited by 131 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…The treatment is designed to reduce suppression of the amblyopic eye and therefore improve binocular functions, such as stereopsis [11,23]. The fact that monocular function also improves, even though the fellow eye is never occluded during treatment, emphasizes the importance of binocular dysfunction in the visual deficits associated with amblyopia [57][58][59].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Enhances Recovery of Stereopsis in Adults With Amblyopia

Spiegel

Hess

et al. 2013

Neurotherapeutics

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Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental disorder of vision caused by abnormal visual experience during early childhood that is often considered to be untreatable in adulthood. Recently, it has been shown that a novel dichoptic videogamebased treatment for amblyopia can improve visual function in adult patients, at least in part, by reducing inhibition of inputs from the amblyopic eye to the visual cortex. Non-invasive anodal transcranial direct current stimulation has been shown to reduce the activity of inhibitory cortical interneurons when applied to the primary motor or visual cortex. In this doubleblind, sham-controlled cross-over study we tested the hypothesis that anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the visual cortex would enhance the therapeutic effects of dichoptic videogame-based treatment. A homogeneous group of 16 young adults (mean age 22.1±1.1 years) with amblyopia were studied to compare the effect of dichoptic treatment alone and dichoptic treatment combined with visual cortex direct current stimulation on measures of binocular (stereopsis) and monocular (visual acuity) visual function. The combined treatment led to greater improvements in stereoacuity than dichoptic treatment alone, indicating that direct current stimulation of the visual cortex boosts the efficacy of dichoptic videogamebased treatment. This intervention warrants further evaluation as a novel therapeutic approach for adults with amblyopia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Enhances Recovery of Stereopsis in Adults With Amblyopia

Spiegel

Hess

et al. 2013

Neurotherapeutics

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“…That study showed that ocular dominance was often balanced between the eyes despite the presence of amblyopia; this was especially true in cases of strabismic amblyopia. Smith and colleagues further showed that there are substantial residual binocular interactions among neurons in V1 and V2 of amblyopic monkeys Bi et al, 2011).…”

Section: Amblyopiamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Puzzle of Visual Development: Behavior and Neural Limits

Kiorpes

2016

J. Neurosci.

102

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The development of visual function takes place over many months or years in primate infants. Visual sensitivity is very poor near birth and improves over different times courses for different visual functions. The neural mechanisms that underlie these processes are not well understood despite many decades of research. The puzzle arises because research into the factors that limit visual function in infants has found surprisingly mature neural organization and adult-like receptive field properties in very young infants. The high degree of visual plasticity that has been documented during the sensitive period in young children and animals leaves the brain vulnerable to abnormal visual experience. Abnormal visual experience during the sensitive period can lead to amblyopia, a developmental disorder of vision affecting ϳ3% of children. This review provides a historical perspective on research into visual development and the disorder amblyopia. The mismatch between the status of the primary visual cortex and visual behavior, both during visual development and in amblyopia, is discussed, and several potential resolutions are considered. It seems likely that extrastriate visual areas further along the visual pathways may set important limits on visual function and show greater vulnerability to abnormal visual experience. Analyses based on multiunit, population activity may provide useful representations of the information being fed forward from primary visual cortex to extrastriate processing areas and to the motor output.

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“…To explore the possible contribution of subcortical structures to number processing in humans, we exploit a psychophysical method that allows us to differentiate between cortical vs. subcortical, monocular visual signals before layer IV of primary visual cortex (50)(51)(52). Before this layer, the monocular signals of the visual system are propagated by separate sets of neurons, but beyond layer IV, signals from each eye are no longer segregated, and, because there are relatively few monocular neurons beyond area V1, activation of extrastriate areas is not eye dependent (52).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Before this layer, the monocular signals of the visual system are propagated by separate sets of neurons, but beyond layer IV, signals from each eye are no longer segregated, and, because there are relatively few monocular neurons beyond area V1, activation of extrastriate areas is not eye dependent (52). The current work takes advantage of this prestriate separation of signals.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerosity representation is encoded in human subcortex

Collins

Park

Behrmann

2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Certain numerical abilities appear to be relatively ubiquitous in the animal kingdom, including the ability to recognize and differentiate relative quantities. This skill is present in human adults and children, as well as in nonhuman primates and, perhaps surprisingly, is also demonstrated by lower species such as mosquitofish and spiders, despite the absence of cortical computation available to primates. This ubiquity of numerical competence suggests that representations that connect to numerical tasks are likely subserved by evolutionarily conserved regions of the nervous system. Here, we test the hypothesis that the evaluation of relative numerical quantities is subserved by lower-order brain structures in humans. Using a monocular/dichoptic paradigm, across four experiments, we show that the discrimination of displays, consisting of both large (5-80) and small (1-4) numbers of dots, is facilitated in the monocular, subcortical portions of the visual system. This is only the case, however, when observers evaluate larger ratios of 3:1 or 4:1, but not smaller ratios, closer to 1:1. This profile of competence matches closely the skill with which newborn infants and other species can discriminate numerical quantity. These findings suggest conservation of ontogenetically and phylogenetically lower-order systems in adults' numerical abilities. The involvement of subcortical structures in representing numerical quantities provokes a reconsideration of current theories of the neural basis of numerical cognition, inasmuch as it bolsters the crossspecies continuity of the biological system for numerical abilities.subcortex | numerical cognition | vision | development | phylogeny

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Neuronal Responses in Visual Area V2 (V2) of Macaque Monkeys with Strabismic Amblyopia

Cited by 131 publications

References 66 publications

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Enhances Recovery of Stereopsis in Adults With Amblyopia

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Enhances Recovery of Stereopsis in Adults With Amblyopia

The Puzzle of Visual Development: Behavior and Neural Limits

Numerosity representation is encoded in human subcortex

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