Neuroimmune disruptions from naturally occurring levels of mycotoxins

Shahba, Sara; Mehrzad, Jalil; Malvandi, Amir Mohammad

doi:10.1007/s11356-021-14146-4

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 195 publications

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“…Both acute and chronic exposure to mycotoxins can lead to teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, and immunotoxic effects on different organs (4). We recently reviewed the impact of naturally occurring mycotoxins dysregulating the immune system in the brain (5). However, knowledge regarding the consequences of exposure to low-level mycotoxins on circulation is modest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Disruption by Naturally Occurring Mycotoxins in Circulation: A Focus on Vascular and Bone Homeostasis Dysfunction

et al. 2022

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Naturally occurring food/feed contaminants have become a significant global issue due to animal and human health implications. Despite risk assessments and legislation setpoints on the mycotoxins' levels, exposure to lower amounts occurs, and it might affect cell homeostasis. However, the inflammatory consequences of this possible everyday exposure to toxins on the vascular microenvironment and arterial dysfunction are unexplored in detail. Circulation is the most accessible path for food-borne toxins, and the consequent metabolic and immune shifts affect systemic health, both on vascular apparatus and bone homeostasis. Their oxidative nature makes mycotoxins a plausible underlying source of low-level toxicity in the bone marrow microenvironment and arterial dysfunction. Mycotoxins could also influence the function of cardiomyocytes with possible injury to the heart. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins can modulate the metabolic pathways favoring osteoblast dysfunction and bone health losses. This review provides a novel insight into understanding the complex events of coexposure to mixed (low levels) mycotoxicosis and subsequent metabolic/immune disruptions contributing to chronic alterations in circulation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Disruption by Naturally Occurring Mycotoxins in Circulation: A Focus on Vascular and Bone Homeostasis Dysfunction

et al. 2022

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“…Mycotoxin-contaminated food/feed is a health risk worldwide. Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) is the most potent carcinogenic mycotoxin in humans, and ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, and zearalenone also have potential health risks [1,2]. As one of the most prevalent non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxins consisting of 6-(10-hydroxy-6-oxo-trans-1-undecenyl)-β-isophthalic lactone, zearalenone (ZEN) is mainly produced by various strains of the genus Fusarium, primarily Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum, and Fusarium cerealis [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Bacillus subtilis ZJ-2019-1 on Zearalenone Toxicosis in Female Gilts

Zhang

Zheng

Tao

et al. 2021

Toxins

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The purpose of this research was to investigate the toxicity of zearalenone (ZEN) on the growth performance, genital organs, serum hormones, biomarkers, and histopathological changes of female gilts and to evaluate the efficacy of Bacillus subtilis ZJ-2019-1 in alleviating ZEN toxicosis in gilts. Twenty-four female gilts were randomly allocated to four groups with six replicates per group and one gilt per replicate, fed on four feeds prepared previously, which were basic diet (control group, C group), ZEN diet (Z group), Zlb diet (Zlb group) containing B. subtilis ZJ-2019-1 in liquid form, and Zdb diet (Zdb group) containing B. subtilis ZJ-2019-1 in dehydrated form. The results showed that the vulva size and relative weight of reproductive organs had no significant difference in the control group, Zlb group, and Zdb group, but were significantly lower than in the Z group (p < 0.05); the relative weight of the liver was lower in the C group, Zlb group, and Zbd group than in the Z group (0.05 < p < 0.1). The concentration of serum glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) was lower, but follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was higher in the Z group, Zlb group, and Zdb group than in the Z group (0.05 < p < 0.1). Additionally, serum luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration had no significant difference in the C group, Zlb group, and Zdb group but was significantly lower than in the Z group (p < 0.05); estradiol (E2) was significantly lower in the Zlb group and Zdb group than that in C group, but significantly higher than that in Z group (p < 0.05); PRL was significantly higher in the Zlb group and Zdb group than in the C group, but was significantly lower than in Z group (p < 0.05). ZEN and its reduced metabolites were measured in biological samples after enzymatic hydrolysis of the conjugated forms. The concentration of serum ZEN and its metabolite, α-zeralenol (α-ZOL), had no significant difference in Zlb, Zdb, and control groups but was significantly lower than in the Z group (p < 0.05); urine ZEN and its metabolites, α-ZOL and β-zeralenol (β-ZOL), had no significant difference in Zlb, Zdb, and control groups but was significantly lower than in the Z group (p < 0.05). Cell damages were observed in the liver, uterus, and ovary of gilts in the Z group and alleviated in Zlb and Zdb groups, but the loss of oocytes was irreversible in the ovary. The ZEN-contaminated diet caused serious changes in female hormones and brought harm to the livers and reproductive organs, but B. subtilis ZJ-2019-1 could naturally remove the ZEN significantly, which ameliorated the reproductive impairment in gilts caused by ZEN. The addition of B. subtilis ZJ-2019-1 to ZEN-contaminated feeds could ameliorate the toxic effects effectively, regardless of liquid or dry culture. Therefore, the B. subtilis ZJ-2019-1 strain has great potential industrial applications.

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“…DN formation is a neuronal degeneration due to various damaging factors such as oxidative stress (Heidari et al, 2019;Karimooy et al, 2019). Because of their high metabolic activity, hippocampal neurons are vulnerable to oxidative stress (Mohammadipour and Abudayyak, 2021;Rastegar-Moghaddam et al, 2019;Shahba et al, 2021). This research revealed increased oxidative stress in the hippocampus after SiO 2 -NPs maternal exposure, which resulted in hippocampal damage (DN production) and cognition impairment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Maternal exposure to silicon dioxide nanoparticles reduces hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis and induces neurodegeneration in rat offspring hippocampus

et al. 2022

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Silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs) are among the most widely used nanoparticles because of their chemical-physical properties. Since most brain maturation occurs in the neonatal period in humans and many mammals, it is important to understand how NPs may affect this process. This study tested the hypothesis that SiO2-NPs from treated dams could affect the hippocampus of neonatal rats during lactation. Twenty-four pregnant rats, after delivery, were divided into three groups of control, SiO2-NPs (25 mg/kg) and SiO2-NPs (100 mg/kg). The rats were treated from 2nd to 21st days post-delivery by gavage and the effects of these NPs were evaluated in the offspring’s hippocampi to reveal the effects of maternal exposure to SiO2-NPs during lactation on the offspring’s hippocampi. The offspring in the SiO2-NPs groups had higher malondialdehyde concentration and lower antioxidant activity in the hippocampi than the non-treated control group. The mean number of doublecortin positive (DCX+) cells and synaptophysin expression in the hippocampi of the SiO2-NPs groups were significantly lower than the control group, whereas the mean number of dark neurons was significantly higher. Also, animals in the SiO2-NPs groups had a weak cognitive performance in adulthood. In conclusion, maternal exposure to SiO2-NPs via breastfeeding could affect offspring’s hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, leading to impaired cognitive performance.

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Neuroimmune disruptions from naturally occurring levels of mycotoxins

Cited by 21 publications

References 195 publications

Metabolic Disruption by Naturally Occurring Mycotoxins in Circulation: A Focus on Vascular and Bone Homeostasis Dysfunction

Metabolic Disruption by Naturally Occurring Mycotoxins in Circulation: A Focus on Vascular and Bone Homeostasis Dysfunction

Effects of Bacillus subtilis ZJ-2019-1 on Zearalenone Toxicosis in Female Gilts

Maternal exposure to silicon dioxide nanoparticles reduces hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis and induces neurodegeneration in rat offspring hippocampus

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