Neuroendocrine Tumour of the Ileum Presenting As Intestinal Obstruction in a 23 yr Old Female: A Case Report and Literature Review

Abstract

Abstract

Multiple Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors With Findings of Intestinal Obstruction

“…In addition to the high levels of luminal immunoglobulin A (IgA), more significant distribution of lymphoid tissue in the small intestine epithelium, and high production of benzpyrene hydroxylase by enterocytes reduce the exposure of carcinogens [ 7 ]. The incidence of SI-NETs has significantly increased within the past decade, and this is due to the widespread use of imaging modalities and endoscopy in combination with the continuous update of the staging systems for neuroendocrine tumors globally [ 2 , 3 ].…”

“…Regarding its pathophysiology, SI-NETs are derived from Kulchitsky (enterochromaffin) cells, which are multipotent stem cells that migrate from the neural crest cells at the crypts of Lieberkuhn base to the gut ectoderm [ 2 , 8 ]. The obstruction of the intestine can be caused by peritumoral fibrosis or tumor invasion of the mesentery, which could cause kinking of the bowel, or secondary to desmoplastic reaction with scarring of the mass, which can cause ischemic effects [ 2 , 9 ]. The expression "carcinoid syndrome" refers to the hormonal symptoms of neuroendocrine tumors caused by the secretion of serotonin, bradykinins, and prostaglandins [ 2 ].…”

“…The obstruction of the intestine can be caused by peritumoral fibrosis or tumor invasion of the mesentery, which could cause kinking of the bowel, or secondary to desmoplastic reaction with scarring of the mass, which can cause ischemic effects [ 2 , 9 ]. The expression "carcinoid syndrome" refers to the hormonal symptoms of neuroendocrine tumors caused by the secretion of serotonin, bradykinins, and prostaglandins [ 2 ].…”

“…The lung, small intestine, rectum, and anus are the prominent organs affected by them [ 1 ]. Primary tumors of the small intestine are extremely rare, accounting for just 1-3% of all gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers [ 2 ]. In fact, small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs) have recently become more prevalent than adenocarcinoma.…”

“…Usually, they are clinically silent, but they can cause pain, weight loss, abdominal mass, bowel obstruction, carcinoid syndrome, or perforation [ 5 ]. These tumors generally do not become large enough to induce intraluminal obstruction; instead, they cause obstruction by a local desmoplastic reaction [ 2 ].…”