Neural mechanisms of cue-approach training

Bakkour, Akram; Lewis-Peacock, Jarrod A.; Poldrack, Russell A.; Schönberg, Tom

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.09.059

Cited by 31 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Analyses were conducted separately for pairs of high-value items and pairs of low-value items, similar to previous CAT studies [11][12][13][14][15] . The results of all experiments are summarized in R packages, and are available online along with the experimental data at osf.io/puxhx.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the second design used in Experiments 5-10, probe choices included six Go and six No-Go items for a total of 36 (6x6) unique probe comparisons in each category (Supplementary Figure 1). While previous studies with CAT [11][12][13][14][15] only included 4x4 unique comparisons per value category, in Experiments 1-4 of the current work we modified the design of the training and probe parts to include 8X8 Go items, in an attempt to increase the number of unique probe choices.…”

Section: Binary Ranking For Non-consumables Itemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to these comparisons, as in previous CAT experiments [11][12][13][14][15] , 'sanity check' trials were also incorporated in the probe phase. In the 'sanity check' trials, participants were asked to choose between pairs of items in which one item was of initial high-value and the other of initial low-value (both Go or both No-Go items), in order to reassure the validity of the initial preference evaluation procedure.…”

Section: Binary Ranking For Non-consumables Itemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We assessed the long-term effect following a period of one-month (Experiment 7), two-months (Experiments 5 and 6), four-months (Experiment 2) and six-months (Experiment 8) after training. Demonstrating that the behavioral change effect is durable over a long period of time could point to its underlying mechanism that putatively effects the low-level representation of the items 29 , as well as potential applicability in inducing long-term change.Based on previous findings [11][12][13][14][15] , we hypothesized that CAT would result in increased preferences for Go items (i.e. items that were previously associated with a cue and a response)…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Currently it is suggested that the underlying mechanism relies on attention 11,12,15 , inspired by its conceptual resemblance to the attentional boost effect 16 , where memory for task-irrelevant stimuli was enhanced when stimuli co-appeared with an irrelevant target cue. Thus far, the CAT effect, was demonstrated only on consumable items with a neutral auditory cue and up to a twomonths follow up.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Cue-Approach Task as a General Mechanism for Long-Term Non-Reinforced Behavioral Change<strong></strong>

Salomon¹,

Botvinik-Nezer²,

Gutentag³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Recent findings show that preferences for food items can be modified without externalreinforcements using the cue-approach task. In the task, the mere association of food item images with a neutral auditory cue and a speeded button press, resulted in enhanced preferences for the associated stimuli. Here, in a series of 10 independent samples with a total of 255 participants, we show we can enhance preferences using this non-reinforced method for faces, fractals and affective images as well as snack foods, using auditory, visual and even aversive cues. This change was highly durable in follow-up sessions performed one to six months after training. Preferences were successfully enhanced for all conditions, except for negative valence items. These findings promote our understanding of non-reinforced change, suggest a boundary condition for the effect and lay the foundation for development of novel applications. Behavioral change is an essential tool to improve health and quality of life, from treating addictions to eating and mood disorders [1][2][3] . Scientific research on behavioral change mainly focused on the effects of external reinforcements 2,[4][5][6][7] or altering the presentation of the decision problem [8][9][10] . Recently, the Cue-Approach Task (CAT) 11 was introduced as a successful method for enhancing preferences for food items, without external reinforcement, context change or self-control. Here, we test multiple hypotheses that are aimed to shed light on this mechanism by studying its generalizability to multiple stimuli and cues, as well as the long-term durability of the effect.In the CAT, participants initially indicated their preferences for a set of snack-food items by specifying their willingness to pay for each item in an auction procedure. Then, in the cue-approach training, some of the items were consistently associated with a neutral auditory cue and a speeded button press response (these stimuli were termed 'Go items'), whereas other stimuli were presented without a cue ('No-Go items'). In the following probe phase, participants were asked to choose a snack they would like to eat at the end of the experiment. Each probe-choice comprised of a pair of items with similar initial values, in which one of the two snacks was a Go item. Results showed that the mere association of snack-food images with a neutral auditory cue and a speeded button press, resulted in enhanced preferences for Go items over No-Go items. This preference change effect varied across different value categories -resulting in enhanced preferences for snack-food items of initial high-value, yet significantly less prominent change in preferences for low-value items.The effect was maintained two-months following training 11. Additional studies with CAT 12 found that for the behavioral change to take place, cue-approach training required the presence of both a speeded button press response and a cue; i.e. CAT had no effect when training was conducted with an early cue onset which was followed with a full one secon...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Binary Ranking For Non-consumables Itemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Binary Ranking For Non-consumables Itemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Cue-Approach Task as a General Mechanism for Long-Term Non-Reinforced Behavioral Change<strong></strong>

Salomon¹,

Botvinik-Nezer²,

Gutentag³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Reward System Abnormalities in Anorexia Nervosa

Steinglass

Foerde

2018

JAMA Psychiatry

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Anorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric illness 1 as well as significant health care costs and lost wages. While there have been notable advances in understanding biobehavioral mechanisms of AN, the brain systems that underlie the illness remain poorly understood. Clinically, it is widely accepted that the critical first step in treatment is renourishment-that is, restoring individuals to a healthy body weight. Yet knowing that the primary medical intervention is simply to eat does not, in itself, change behavior. In fact, even after full weight restoration, individuals with AN continue to restrict caloric and fat intake, which is associated with poor longer-term outcomes. 2 The severity and persistence of this illness makes understanding the pathophysiology and neural mechanisms of AN a research priority.In a bottom-up approach to identifying brain mechanisms of illness, neural systems that have been well characterized in healthy individuals are probed to test hypotheses about abnormalities in psychiatric illness. In this issue of JAMA Psychiatry, Frank et al 3 present the most recent findings from programmatic research examining reward and related neural systems in AN. Their model hypothesizes that the dopamine system is affected by AN-induced starvation. They propose that this is reflected in heightened prediction error response, a neural activation pattern associated with dopamine and thought to be a critical learning signal in the brain, 4 and that stress and high anxiety influence prediction error to perpetuate illness. This kind of integrative model of complex illness with programmatic testing of neurobiological hypotheses is an aspiration in the field of eating disorders. The work draws together ideas about harm avoidance traits, high cortisol levels, and abnormal neural responses to taste, which have been examined to some extent in prior work. 5 Furthermore, this study includes data from 56 adolescents and young adults with AN, 3 a sample size much larger than most studies in this field.In the study task, participants were presented with a stimulus and learned which images would be followed by receipt of a sweet taste. The associations become probabilistic, and on some trials, the predictions were violated and sweet liquid was delivered in response to the wrong stimulus or not delivered when it was expected. 3 Prediction error occurred when the sweet taste was either omitted or was received unexpectedly. Functional magnetic resonance imaging measures the blood oxygen leveldependent signal response in areas known to reflect the dopamine prediction error signal, such as the striatum. The ingestion of sweet taste as an outcome is presented as having relevance in

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Enhanced striatal and prefrontal activity is associated with individual differences in nonreinforced preference change for faces

Salomon

Botvinik‐Nezer

Oren

et al. 2019

Human Brain Mapping

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Developing effective preference modification paradigms is crucial to improve the quality of life in a wide range of behaviors. The cue-approach training (CAT) paradigm has been introduced as an effective tool to modify preferences lasting months, without external reinforcements, using the mere association of images with a cue and a speeded button response. In the current work for the first time, we used fMRI with faces as stimuli in the CAT paradigm, focusing on face-selective brain regions. We found a behavioral change effect of CAT with faces immediately and 1-month after training, however face-selective regions were not indicative of behavioral change and thus preference change is less likely to rely on face processing brain regions.Nevertheless, we found that during training, fMRI activations in the ventral striatum were correlated with individual preference change. We also found a correlation between preference change and activations in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex during the binary choice phase. Functional connectivity among striatum, prefrontal regions, and high-level visual regions was also related to individual preference change. Our work sheds new light on the involvement of neural mechanisms in the process of valuation. This could lead to development of novel real-world interventions.

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Neural mechanisms of cue-approach training

Cited by 31 publications

References 70 publications

The Cue-Approach Task as a General Mechanism for Long-Term Non-Reinforced Behavioral Change<strong></strong>

The Cue-Approach Task as a General Mechanism for Long-Term Non-Reinforced Behavioral Change<strong></strong>

Reward System Abnormalities in Anorexia Nervosa

Enhanced striatal and prefrontal activity is associated with individual differences in nonreinforced preference change for faces

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