Neural Correlates of Theory-of-Mind Reasoning: An Event-Related Potential Study

Sabbagh, Mark A.; Taylor, Marjorie

doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00213

Cited by 145 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In recent years, finding the brain site of theory of mind has become a fashionable research enterprise (Baron-Cohen, 1995;Goel, Grafman, Sadato, & Hallet, 1995;Sabbagh & Taylor, 2000;Stone, Baron Cohen, & Knight, 1998; for a review see Frith & Frith, 1999). However, some cautionary notes can be taken from the last 20 years of cognitive neuroscience (for other criticisms on the modularity of theory of mind, see Moore, 1996).…”

Section: Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Executive Attention and Metacognitive Regulation

Fernandez-Duque

Baird

Posner

2000

Consciousness and Cognition

521

316

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Metacognition refers to any knowledge or cognitive process that monitors or controls cognition. We highlight similarities between metacognitive and executive control functions, and ask how these processes might be implemented in the human brain. A review of brain imaging studies reveals a circuitry of attentional networks involved in these control processes, with its source located in midfrontal areas. These areas are active during conflict resolution, error correction, and emotional regulation. A developmental approach to the organization of the anatomy involved in executive control provides an added perspective on how these mechanisms are influenced by maturation and learning, and how they relate to metacognitive activity. © 2000 Academic PressMetacognitively sophisticated children or adults are like busy executives, analyzing new problems, judging how far they are from the goal, allocating attention, selecting a strategy, attempting a solution, monitoring the success or failure of current performance, and deciding whether to change to a different strategy.-J. H. Flavell, P. H. Miller, and S. A. Miller, Cognitive Development

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Section: Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Executive Attention and Metacognitive Regulation

Fernandez-Duque

Baird

Posner

2000

Consciousness and Cognition

521

316

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“…This addresses the emotional cost of engaging in empathy, but there is also a cognitive cost to empathy. Perspective taking and empathic accuracy are effortful processes (Epley et al, 2004;Sabbagh & Taylor, 2000;Ma-Kellems & Lerner, 2016). Based on a rich body of research finding that people are "cognitive misers"-meaning they prefer to avoid effort-researchers have found that, when given a choice, participants avoid empathy for both positive and negative experiences (Cameron et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamically engaged smiling predicts cooperation above and beyond average smiling levels

Danvers

Shiota

2018

Evolution and Human Behavior

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Smiling has been conceptualized as a signal of cooperative intent, yet smiles are easy to fake.We suggest that contextually appropriate, dynamically engaged smiling imposes an attentional cost, thereby making engaged smiling a plausible "honest signal" of cooperative intent. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed data from 123 pairs of same-sex strangers having "getting-to-knowyou" conversations who subsequently played a one-shot prisoner's dilemma together. We calculated the strength of engagement in smiling using a cross-lagged auto-regressive model for dyadic data. We found that when an individual's partner (the signaler) tended to smile in a more responsive way, that individual (the receiver) was more likely to cooperate. Conversely, when a signaler tended to smile in a less responsive way, the receiver was less likely to cooperate. These effects were present over-and-above the effects of average levels of smiling and self-reported liking, which also predicted likelihood of cooperation. However, dynamically engaged smiling did not predict cooperation on the part of the signaler, suggesting that receivers weight the importance of engagement more highly than they should, or even that engaged smiling might be a manipulative display. These results illustrate how conversational dynamics can influence evolutionary signaling.

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“…Based on imaging and lesion experiments (12)(13)(14)(15) that study activations associated with understanding another person's mental states (16,17), we hypothesize that cooperative behavior requires the binding of contingent information that allows subjects to evaluate the mental states of their counterpart and commit to a stimuli-conditioned reward-motivated choice. This commitment allows subjects to delay their desire for immediate gratification (18) and achieve a higher cooperative reward.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A functional imaging study of cooperation in two-person reciprocal exchange

McCabe

Houser

Ryan

et al. 2001

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

829

475

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Cooperation between individuals requires the ability to infer each other's mental states to form shared expectations over mutual gains and make cooperative choices that realize these gains. From evidence that the ability for mental state attribution involves the use of prefrontal cortex, we hypothesize that this area is involved in integrating theory-of-mind processing with cooperative actions. We report data from a functional MRI experiment designed to test this hypothesis. Subjects in a scanner played standard two-person ''trust and reciprocity'' games with both human and computer counterparts for cash rewards. Behavioral data shows that seven subjects consistently attempted cooperation with their human counterpart. Within this group prefrontal regions are more active when subjects are playing a human than when they are playing a computer following a fixed (and known) probabilistic strategy. Within the group of five noncooperators, there are no significant differences in prefrontal activation between computer and human conditions.

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Neural Correlates of Theory-of-Mind Reasoning: An Event-Related Potential Study

Cited by 145 publications

References 21 publications

Executive Attention and Metacognitive Regulation

Executive Attention and Metacognitive Regulation

Dynamically engaged smiling predicts cooperation above and beyond average smiling levels

A functional imaging study of cooperation in two-person reciprocal exchange

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