Network Protocols, Schemes, and Mechanisms for Internet of Things (IoT): Features, Open Challenges, and Trends

Abstract

Internet of Things (IoT) constitutes the next step in the field of technology, bringing enormous changes in industry, medicine, environmental care, and urban development. Various challenges are to be met in forming this vision, such as technology interoperability issues, security and data confidentiality requirements, and, last but not least, the development of energy efficient management systems. In this paper, we explore existing networking communication technologies for the IoT, with emphasis on encapsulation and routing protocols. The relation between the IoT network protocols and the emerging IoT applications is also examined. A thorough layer-based protocol taxonomy is provided, while how the network protocols fit and operate for addressing the recent IoT requirements and applications is also illustrated. What is the most special feature of this paper, compared to other survey and tutorial works, is the thorough presentation of the inner schemes and mechanisms of the network protocols subject to IPv6. Compatibility, interoperability, and configuration issues of the existing and the emerging protocols and schemes are discussed based on the recent advanced of IPv6. Moreover, open networking challenges such as security, scalability, mobility, and energy management are presented in relation to their corresponding features. Lastly, the trends of the networking mechanisms in the IoT domain are discussed in detail, highlighting future challenges.

Generalized Wireless-Powered Communications: When to Activate Wireless Power Transfer?

“…Remark 2: The DL WPT activation condition in (5) has an interesting interpretation. In particular, given the hardware parameters (i.e., P max , η k , p c,k ) as well as the channel parameters (i.e., H k and γ k ), the system can calculate a "virtual" transmit power p * k for each device k according to (6). By letting the devices transmit at this virtual power, the UL WIT time needed for depleting all initial energy can be obtained as T K k=1 E I k p * k +p c,k .…”

“…where p ⋆ k is the root in (6) and v is the principle eigenvector of matrix K k=1 w k η k γ k (1+p * k γ k ) ln 2 H k . In contrast, if DL WPT is not activated, the optimal time allocation is given by…”

“…As Q. Wu such, WPT is a promising technology for achieving selfsustainable and scalable machine-type communications [5] and will have a significant impact on future IoT networks [6]. Recently, wireless-powered communication networks (WPCNs) have been proposed in [7] where a dedicated power station (PS) first broadcasts energy signals to devices for downlink (DL) WPT and then the devices exploit the harvested energy for uplink wireless information transmission (UL WIT).…”

“…yields(6). Since each device depletes all of its available energy, we have τ k =η k τ0Tr(WH k )+E I k p * k +p c,k .…”

Design of an Optimized Multicast Routing Algorithm for Internet of Things

“…If two nodes are within in the transmission range, it can communicate with each other directly; otherwise, the nodes select the alternate path have to forward the packets. In such a case, every IoT enabled mobile node has to function as a router to forward the packets for others in the networks [18][19]. Traditional routing protocols used in hardwired or wireless networks, such as distance vector protocols (e.g.…”