Network and the Hierarchy of the Cities in the Global World: Challenge to Nation-States and Limits of the Expansion

Abstract

Some other urban agglomeration lists mix metropolitan areas, municipalities (parts of metropolitan areas) and urban areas (built up urban areas or agglomerations). None of these lists include urban land area data. The United Nations list is unique in providing notes that clarify the nature of its each of its listings (core cities, metropolitan areas, urban areas and others). 2 Calculated using United Nations data.

The Geographical Size Index for Ranking and Typology of Cities

“…Scientists from China's educational institutions are particularly numerous (see, for example, publications of Ning Yuemin, Qi Xin, Zhang Baijui, Zhao Xumin, Lu Jun, Yang Taibao, Wen Kui, Xue Yan, Wu Dan, Xi Junfang, etc.). The situation in Russia is very similar (see, for example, Fedorova 2016; Dobrinskaya and Vershinina 2018;Matveeva 2017;Chubarov 2013Chubarov -2018Makhnovsky 2016;Meleleva 2013;Mart'yanov 2017;Pilka 2014Pilka -2018Savkin 2010, etc. ) One of the reputable and oldest rankings for assessment and comparison of cities is the ranking of the international research group "Globalization and World Cities" (GaWC), founded in 1998 by three British scientists J. Beverstock, Richard G. Smith, and Peter J. Tylor (1999) at the Department of Geography of Loughborough University.…”