Neighborhood Deprivation and Access to Fast-Food Retailing

Objective: To investigate whether exposure to fast-food outlets and supermarkets is socio-economically patterned in the city of Copenhagen. Design: The study was based on a cross-sectional multivariate approach to examine the association between the number of fast-food outlets and supermarkets and neighbourhood-level socio-economic indicators. Food business addresses were obtained from commercial and public business locators and geocoded using a geographic information system for all neighbourhoods in the city of Copenhagen (n 400). The regression of counts of fast-food outlets and supermarkets v. indicators of socio-economic status (percentage of recent immigrants, percentage without a high-school diploma, percentage of the population under 35 years of age and average household income in Euros) was performed using negative binomial analysis. Setting: Copenhagen, Denmark. Subjects: The unit of analysis was neighbourhood (n 400). Results: In the fully adjusted models, income was not a significant predictor for supermarket exposure. However, neighbourhoods with low and mid-low income were associated with significantly fewer fast-food outlets. Using backwise deletion from the fully adjusted models, low income remained significantly associated with fast-food outlet exposure (rate ratio 5 0?66-0?80) in the final model. Conclusions: In the city of Copenhagen, there was no evidence of spatial patterning of supermarkets by income. However, we detected a trend in the exposure to fast-food outlets, such that neighbourhoods in the lowest income quartile had fewer fast-food outlets than higher-income neighbourhoods. These findings have similarities with studies conducted in the UK, but not in the USA. The results suggest there may be socio-economic factors other than income associated with food exposure in Europe.

Section: Fast-food Exposurecontrasting

confidence: 99%

Supermarket and fast-food outlet exposure in Copenhagen: associations with socio-economic and demographic characteristics

Svastisalee

Nordahl

Glümer

et al. 2011

“…Third, residential segregation (by race/ethnicity and SES) in the USA is high and there is a considerable body of literature that alludes to the influence of the neighbourhood environment on food consumption patterns (15)(16)(17) . Specifically, fresh produce may be less accessible in lower-income and/or segregated neighbourhoods (16)(17)(18) while energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods such as those offered in convenience stores may be more accessible in these same neighbourhoods (19)(20)(21) . Understanding the independent effects of these individual and neighbourhood social factors on diet has implications for the design of effective public health interventions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Social disparities in dietary habits among women: Geographic Research on Wellbeing (GROW) Study

Wang

Heck

Winkleby³

et al. 2015

Objective: Relationships among race/ethnicity, individual socio-economic status (SES), neighbourhood SES and acculturation are complex. We sought to answer whether: (i) race/ethnicity, individual SES and neighbourhood SES have independent effects on women's fruit and vegetable consumption (FVC); (ii) SES modifies the effects of race/ethnicity on FVC; and (iii) nativity modifies the effect of Latina ethnicity on FVC. Design: Cross-sectional surveys from the population-based Geographic Research on Wellbeing (GROW) Study were linked with census-tract level data. FVC was indicated by (i) consuming fruits and vegetables less often than daily (LOWFV) and (ii) not having fruits and vegetables in the home very often. Other variables included age, marital status, race/ethnicity, country of birth, educational attainment, family income and longitudinal neighbourhood poverty (based on latent class growth models). Weighted logistic regression models accounting for the complex sample design were constructed. Setting: California, USA, 2012-2013. Subjects: Women (n 2669). Results: In adjusted models, race/ethnicity, education and income were independently associated with FVC, but not neighbourhood poverty. Women of colour, high-school graduates and women with incomes at 301-400 % of the federal poverty level were at higher odds of LOWFV compared with non-Hispanic Whites, college graduates and those with incomes >400 % of the federal poverty level. Little evidence for interactions between race/ethnicity and individual or neighbourhood SES was found; similar patterns were observed for immigrant and US-born Latinas. Conclusions: Addressing the dietary needs of lower-SES communities requires multilevel interventions that simultaneously provide culturally tailored nutrition education and address the physical and economic accessibility of culturally acceptable fruits and vegetables.

“…Included in this are foods purchased from fast-food outlets, takeaway outlets, restaurants and cafés. A higher density of fast-food and takeaway outlets has been documented in more socio-economically deprived areas overseas (1)(2)(3)(4) and in New Zealand (NZ) (2) . Fast foods in particular have been described as a contributing factor to the increase in obesity rates; however, the evidence is inconsistent with some studies reporting a positive association (5)(6)(7) and others reporting no association (8)(9)(10) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of fast-food/takeaway-food and restaurant/café-food consumers among New Zealand adults

Smith

Gray

Fleming

et al. 2013

Objective: To investigate: (i) the percentage of the New Zealand (NZ) population reporting fast food/takeaway food and restaurant/café food per day; (ii) examine demographic factors associated with their use; (iii) quantify their contribution to energy intake; and (iv) describe the specific types of foods reported from both sources. Design: Twenty-four hour diet recalls from the cross-sectional 2008/09 NZ Adult Nutrition Survey were used to identify fast-food and restaurant-food consumers. Setting: NZ households. Subjects: Adults aged 15 years and older (n 4721). Results: Overall 28 % reported consuming at least one fast food and 14 % a restaurant food within the 24 h diet recall. Fast-food consumption was not associated with level of education or an area-based measure of socio-economic status, but a higher education was positively associated with restaurant-food consumption. Individual factors such as ethnicity, household size, age, sex and marital status were found to be important influences on the use of fast food and restaurant food. Fast-food consumption was more prevalent among participants living in urban areas, young adults (19-30 years) and Māori compared with NZ European and Others. The most frequently reported fast foods were bread-based dishes, potatoes (including fries) and non-alcoholic beverages. Conclusions: Given the high reported consumption of fast food by young adults, health promotion initiatives both to improve the nutritional quality of fast-food menus and to encourage healthier food choices would likely make a large impact on the overall diet quality of this group.