Neglected Tropical Diseases - Latin America and the Caribbean

Franco‐Paredes, Carlos; Santos-Preciado, José Ignacio

doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1422-3

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 280 publications

(445 reference statements)

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“…Leptospirosis is an endemic disease in South Pacific island countries [9–11]. It is also widespread in the Caribbean islands including Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, and Trinidad and Tobago [12–14]. However, incidence and prevalence of leptospirosis are largely underestimated throughout tropical environments especially since clinical signs associated to other febrile diseases, such as with dengue, malaria, and Zika, are strikingly similar; therefore, diagnosis and treatment is problematic [15–19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of Leptospira among invasive small mammals on Puerto Rican cattle farms

et al. 2019

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Leptospirosis, an emerging infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira , is thought to be the most widespread zoonotic disease in the world. A first step in preventing the spread of Leptospira is delineating the animal reservoirs that maintain and disperse the bacteria. Quantitative PCR ( q PCR) methods targeting the LipL32 gene were used to analyze kidney samples from 124 House mice ( Mus musculus ), 94 Black rats ( Rattus rattus ), 5 Norway rats ( R . norvegicus ), and 89 small Indian mongooses ( Herpestes auropunctatus ) from five cattle farms in Puerto Rico. Renal carriage of Leptospira was found in 38% of the sampled individuals, with 59% of the sampled mice, 34% of Black rats, 20% of Norway rats, and 13% of the mongooses. A heterogeneous distribution of prevalence was also found among sites, with the highest prevalence of Leptospira -positive samples at 52% and the lowest at 30%. Comparative sequence analysis of the LipL32 gene from positive samples revealed the presence of two species of Leptospira , L . borgpetersenii and L . interrogans in mice, detected in similar percentages in samples from four farms, while samples from the fifth farm almost exclusively harbored L . interrogans . In rats, both Leptospira species were found, while mongooses only harbored L . interrogans . Numbers tested for both animals, however, were too small (n = 7 each) to relate prevalence of Leptospira species to location. Significant associations of Leptospira prevalence with anthropogenic landscape features were observed at farms in Naguabo and Sabana Grande, where infected individuals were closer to human dwellings, milking barns, and ponds than were uninfected individuals. These results show that rural areas of Puerto Rico are in need of management and longitudinal surveillance of Leptospira in order to prevent continued infection of focal susceptible species (i.e. humans and cattle).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of Leptospira among invasive small mammals on Puerto Rican cattle farms

et al. 2019

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“…Several mutations at K13 are therefore associated with ART resistance 10 , i.e. K13 M476I mutation was first investigated in Tanzanian F32 parasites that were exposed in vitro to escalating concentrations of ART for more than 5 years 11,12 . In addition to that genomic analysis of Cambodian isolates identified four prevalent K13 mutations (Y493H, R539T, I543T and C580Y) that were associated with ART resistance 12,13 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Detection of mutations associated with artemisinin resistance at k13-propeller gene and a near complete return of chloroquine susceptible falciparum malaria in Southeast of Tanzania

Bwire

Ngasala

Mikomangwa

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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In Tanzania, chloroquine was replaced by sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) as a first-line for treatment of uncomplicated malaria. Due to high resistance in malaria parasites, SP lasted for only 5 years and by the end of 2006 it was replaced with the current artemisinin combination therapy. We therefore, set a study to determine the current genotypic mutations associated with Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin, partner drugs and chloroquine. parasites DnA were extracted from dried blood spots collected by finger-prick from Tanzanian malaria infected patients. DNA were sequenced using MiSeq then genotypes were translated into drug resistance haplotypes at Wellcome Sanger institute, UK. About 422 samples were successful sequenced for K13 gene (marker for artemisinin resistance), the wild type (WT) was found in 391 samples (92.7%) whereby 31 samples (7.3%) had mutations in K13 gene. Of 31 samples with mutations, one sample had R561H, a mutation that has been associated with delayed parasite clearance in Southeast Asia, another sample had A578S, a mutation not associated with artemisinin whilst 29 samples had K13 novel mutations. there were no mutations in PGB, EXO, P23_BP and PfMDR1 at position 86 and 1246 (markers for resistance in artemisinin partner drugs) but 270 samples (60.4%) had mutations at PfMDR1 Y184F. Additionally, genotyped PfCRT at positions 72-76 (major predictors for chroquine resistance), found WT gene in 443 out of 444 samples (99.8%). in conclusion, this study found mutations in K13-propeller gene and high prevalence of chloroquine susceptible P. falciparum in Southeast of tanzania. Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) to its partner states 1,2 as the first and second-line treatment for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria as well as chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax 3. In Tanzania chloroquine (CQ) was replaced by sulphadoxinepyrimethamine (SP) as first-line treatment and amodiaquine as second-line for uncomplicated malaria, due to high resistance SP lasted for only five years and by the end of 2006 it was replaced with the current ACT 4. Reversibly, an extended use of artemisinin (ART)-based combination therapy in malaria control and elimination programs has resulted to an emergence of P. falciparum resistant to ART derivatives in Southeast Asia 5. The risk of ART-resistant parasites reported to spread from western Cambodia to the Greater Mekong Subregion and to Africa 6. This is an urgent concern for global health 7. The spread of resistant P. falciparum to previous first-line

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“…Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are responsible for the transmission of the protozoan genus Leishmania, which causes the tropical disease known as leishmaniasis (Chalghaf et al, 2018), for which an annual average of 56,262 cases have been reported between 2001 and 2015 for America (Herrera et al, 2020). These vectors nowadays have a wide diversity and distribution throughout the Americas, indicating adaptation to a variety of habitats with important implications for vector control (Paredes & Santos, 2015). The diversity of climatic conditions related to each species that has evolved over the years in each region has a direct impact on the abundance and distribution of vectors, as demonstrated for some species of the genus Lutzomyia (Paredes & Santos, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Similarity but not equivalence: Ecological niche comparison between sandflies from the Pleistocene and future scenarios in Central and South America

Galvis-Martinez

Moo‐Llanes

Altamiranda‐Saavedra

2022

Medical Vet Entomology

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Sandfly species (Diptera: Psychodidae) are suspected or proven vectors of Leishmania spp. in the American region. Understanding niche conservatism (NC) in insect vectors allows an understanding of constraints on adaptive responses, and thus implications for disease ecology. Therefore, in this study, the authors evaluated NC in three vector species of leishmaniasis (Lutzomyia gomezi, Psathyromyia shannoni and Pintomyia ovallesi) in Central and South America. For this, the authors performed niche identity and similarity testing through paired comparisons in ENMTools and niche overlap in Niche Analyst. The authors found that species niches were more similar to each other than if the points had been randomly extracted, and they also found extensive similarity between Pa. shannoni and Lu. gomezi niches and in Pa. shannoni niches over different timescales. The authors suggest Pa. shannoni as a priority species due to fundamental niche similarity with phylogenetically related species and also its extensive evolutionary history and ecological plasticity that could affect the emergence and resurgence of leishmaniasis in areas endemic by this vector.

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Neglected Tropical Diseases - Latin America and the Caribbean

Cited by 12 publications

References 280 publications

The prevalence of Leptospira among invasive small mammals on Puerto Rican cattle farms

The prevalence of Leptospira among invasive small mammals on Puerto Rican cattle farms

Detection of mutations associated with artemisinin resistance at k13-propeller gene and a near complete return of chloroquine susceptible falciparum malaria in Southeast of Tanzania

Similarity but not equivalence: Ecological niche comparison between sandflies from the Pleistocene and future scenarios in Central and South America

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