Negative afterimages facilitate the detection of real images

Kingdom, Frederick A. A.; Touma, Samir; Jennings, Ben

doi:10.1016/j.visres.2020.03.005

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Ikeda and Phuangsuwan 50 describe a strong simultaneous contrast effect in afterimages, similar in strength to the two‐room technique. Kingdom et al 51 describe experiments showing that afterimages, believed to be formed in postreceptoral layers of the retina, are represented in the cortex similar to the real image counterparts at cortical level.…”

Section: Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Complementary colors: A literature review

Pridmore¹

2020

Color Research & Application

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Articles from a broad search of the literature dating from 1704 are cited and described briefly in order to provide an overview of complementary colors and associated research areas, especially chromatic induction (ie, complementary afterimages) as the principal research area. The literature shows that complementary colors have roles in all aspects of color appearance and color vision. Forty specific roles are described, which can be divided into three general roles of complementary color: color mixture, color constancy (or chromatic adaptation), and color perception (or appearance).

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Section: Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Complementary colors: A literature review

Pridmore¹

2020

Color Research & Application

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“…Research and textbooks overlook the fact that the adaptation of different sensory mechanisms makes fundamentally different predictions about the hue and saturation of afterimages 2-8,16,29 . Cone-bleaching is incompatible with colour opponent afterimages, and neither cone-bleaching nor adaptation of the cone-opponent channels are compatible with Hering’s colour-opponency (Figure 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research and textbooks have missed the fact that the adaptation of different perceptual mechanisms makes fundamentally different predictions about the hue and saturation of afterimages [2][3][4][5][6]14,26 . These predictions can be tested empirically, using experimental paradigms that allow for measuring the exact colours perceived in afterimages.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16 Unlike what current textbooks suggest [3][4][5]7,8 , colour afterimages are neither determined by cone-nor by Hering-like colour opponency. A cursory look at afterimages may be misleading because afterimages resemble cone-opponency at a very coarse level 29 . This is not due to adaptation of the cone-opponent mechanisms at the second stage of colour processing, but to the cone-adapted colour signal from the first stage being propagated to the second and subsequent stages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The body of research on afterimages is utterly contradictory, either confirming or refuting that afterimages are the result of adaptation of the cone photoreceptors (bleaching) 9-12 , of the cone-opponent channels 2,5,13-17 , of Hering-opponent 5,8,18 , or other cortical mechanisms 15,19-28 . The most wide-spread assumption in textbooks 3-5,7,8 and contemporary research 13,29 is the idea that cone-bleaching produces cone-opponent afterimages. Empirical inconsistencies with that idea have been attributed to additional, yet unknown cortical mechanisms 5,19-28 .…”

Section: Summary / Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Mechanisms Underlying Colour Afterimages

Witzel¹

2022

Preprint

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Negative colour afterimages are a fundamental phenomenon reflecting the adaptative mechanisms of colour processing. Despite its fundamental importance, the precise mechanisms underlying afterimages are very much controversial. What has been overlooked is that the adaptation of different mechanisms makes fundamentally different predictions about the hue and saturation of afterimages. We developed two experimental paradigms to measure the exact colours perceived in afterimages and test those predictions empirically. All results of these two different paradigms confirm that afterimages do not align with cone-opponency but instead tightly follow a well-founded, straight-forward model of cone adaptation (i.e., cone contrasts). This model implements cone adaptation according to Weber's Law, which is a direct consequence of the proportional decrement of photon catches due to cone bleaching and results in a nonlinear, multiplicative inverse function of cone excitations. This nonlinear adaptation of the three cones predicts three peaks of afterimage intensity that correspond with the three peaks of saturation and the three clusters of hue in the measurements of afterimages. Our findings establish cone-adaptation as the sole origin of negative colour afterimages. The quantitative cone-contrast model resolves apparent contradictions and provides a comprehensive, straight-forward explanation of the adaptive mechanisms underlying colour afterimages.

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