Nature and mechanism of friction of rubberlike polymers in different physical states

Бартенев, Г. М.; El'kin, A.I.

doi:10.1007/bf00859282

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Similar to the temperature dependence in our experiments, the mechanical analysis shows a relatively steep decrease of the elastic modulus within only a few • C before the glass transition temperature, an effect that can be mainly attributed to the -transition of PMMA [45]. Although brittle behavior can be observed for PMMA under certain conditions [46], we did not notice any pronounced fracturing of the PMMA sample throughout our experiments and the temperature dependence fits well to the existing models [6,20,21] in the relevant temperature range.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Over a wider range of temperature, friction of polymers can then be separated into three parts: At low temperatures, the material behaves as an elastic solid with a constant friction coefficient. At higher temperatures, friction increases when T approaches T G , before it finally decreases in the viscous regime above T G [6,20,21]. However, transferring this concept to glasses is not entirely straightforward due to the differences of the materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tribological Analysis of Contacts Between Glass and Tungsten Carbide Near the Glass Transition Temperature

et al. 2020

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In recent years, the tribological contact between hard solids and glass at high temperatures has been identified as a crucial aspect in emerging technical applications like e.g., precision glass molding. To optimize such tribological systems, especially, the internal transformations of the glasses need to be considered, since these can determine which kind of energy dissipation channels become relevant, when the temperature of a glass is increasing and approaching the glass transition temperature. Here, we now introduce a new tribometer specifically developed for the analysis of glasses at elevated temperatures. Using this tribometer, we characterize friction of contacts between tungsten carbide (WC) and soda lime glass as a function of temperature, while additionally PMMA was analyzed for comparison. Our experiments reveal different tribological regimes where either simple sliding, surface fracturing, or surface deformation can be identified as relevant interface processes for the tribological behavior. Graphical Abstract

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tribological Analysis of Contacts Between Glass and Tungsten Carbide Near the Glass Transition Temperature

et al. 2020

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“…Generally, the peak of the loss factor with temperature is correlated to the relaxation and transition of polymeric materials, and the turning point of the COF usually appears at the relaxation and transition temperatures, such as PTFE [46] and ATSP-based coatings [80]. Furthermore, according to previous studies, the relaxation and transition of polymeric materials can lead to changes in the deformation and shear region inside the polymer, transition of thermally activated friction to athermally [46], transformation of the sliding interface of coatings [57], and friction mechanism [17], among others.…”

Section: Relaxation and Transition Of Polymermentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Furthermore, they studied the distinction of material transfer and friction between moderate and low temperatures [16], and the relatively large fragment transfer of PTFE accounts for high friction at low temperatures. In the 1960s, Bartenev and El'kin [17] from the Lenin Moscow State Pedagogical Institute established the relationship between mechanical loss and friction force from 73 to 423 K for rubberlike polymeric material, which exhibited nonmonotonic variation with temperature. Since the 1960s, owing to the demands of bearings and seals in rocket engines operating directly in cryogenic propellants, such as liquid hydrogen and oxygen, NASA [9,[18][19][20][21] have invented and investigated many polymer-based composite materials and soft metal coatings for cryogenic tribological usage; among these, the laminated-glass cloth with the PTFE binder exhibited the best wear resistance [9], and the transfer mechanism of self-lubricating material for the roller bearing was examined [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progresses on cryo-tribology: lubrication mechanisms, detection methods and applications

Cui

Hongzhan

Zhao

et al. 2023

Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.

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Tribology at cryogenic temperatures has attracted people’s attention since the 1950s with the acceleration of its applications on hi-tech equipment such as the cryogenic wind tunnel, liquid fuel rocket, space infrared telescope, superconducting device, planetary exploration, which requires solid lubrication for moving parts at low temperature down to 4 K in cryogenic liquid, gaseous or vacuum environments. Here the research progresses on cryo-tribology are reviewed. Tribological properties and mechanisms of solid lubricants listed as carbon material, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), polymer and polymer-based composite, etc. with decreasing temperature are summarized. The friction coefficient was found to increase with decreasing temperature induced by thermally activated processes. The mechanism of transfer film formation should be noticed as a significant way to promote the tribological properties of the solid lubricant. On the other hand, applications of solid lubrication on moving parts under cryogenic conditions such as the spherical plain bearing, roller bearing are introduced. Tribological test technology of materials and bearings at cryogenic temperatures is summarized where the environmental control, motion and loading realization, as well as friction and wear measurement together at low-temperature environment result in the difficulties and challenges of the low-temperature tribotester. It is worth mentioning that novel technologies and tribotesters were developed for tribo-tests and tribological studies of solid lubricant, spherical plain bearing and roller bearing respectively by overcoming the limitation on cooling in vacuum, resolution of friction measurement, etc., and concentrating on in-situ observation of friction interface aiming to not only promote a deep understanding of friction and wear mechanism at low temperatures, but also give insights into performance of moving parts or components in cryogenic applications.

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“…Polymers can have different physical states, depending on the effect of temperature and time. In recent years dynamic and triboinetric methods of investigation have been used successfully to study transitions from one physical state to another (Sauer and Woodward 1960, Sinnott 1966, Ferry 1961, Frenkin et al 1966, Ludema and Tabor 1966, Bartenev and El'kin 1967. Investigation of oriented crystalline polymers by these methods is of great interest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Friction properties of oriented crystalline polymers

Vinogradov

Бартенев²,

El'kin³

et al. 1969

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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The friction and dynamic properties of oriented crystalline polymers - linear and branched polyethylene - have been investigated at temperatures ranging from −180 to +149°C. Microhardness and dilatometric measurements were made and the structures were studied by x-ray and polarization methods. It is shown that orientation due to extension decreases friction and increases the shear storage modulus at temperatures below the melting range of the polymer. In the melting range orientation disappeared in the specimens and the dependences of friction and dynamic modulus on temperature practically coincide with the analogous dependences for unoriented specimens. The nature of the friction maxima of polyethylenes in the low and high temperature regions is discussed.

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Nature and mechanism of friction of rubberlike polymers in different physical states

Cited by 4 publications

References 8 publications

Tribological Analysis of Contacts Between Glass and Tungsten Carbide Near the Glass Transition Temperature

Tribological Analysis of Contacts Between Glass and Tungsten Carbide Near the Glass Transition Temperature

Progresses on cryo-tribology: lubrication mechanisms, detection methods and applications

Friction properties of oriented crystalline polymers

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