Natural ventilation reduces high TB transmission risk in traditional homes in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Lygizos, Melissa; Shenoi, Sheela; Brooks, Ralph; Bhushan, Ambika; Brust, James C.M.; Zelterman, Daniel; Deng, Yanhong; Northrup, Veronika; Moll, Anthony; Friedland, Gerald

doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-300

Cited by 42 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 22 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…32 However, it did not improve the practice of appropriately covering of the mouth when coughing, and a higher proportion of people reported the use of hands to cover their mouths instead of the more appropriate handkerchief/tissue or in the absence of that, the crook of the elbow post-versus pre-intervention. Although a recent observational cough etiquette study did not find these commonly publicized respiratory hygiene methods to satisfactorily block droplets that result in transmission of respiratory diseases, like TB, 33 they are still widely advocated by national and international health organizations 34,35 and may remain principal means of prevention of airborne diseases in poorer communities, like Idi Araba.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trained Community Volunteers Improve Tuberculosis Knowledge and Attitudes Among Adults in a Periurban Community in Southwest Nigeria

Balogun¹,

Sekoni²,

Meloni³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Nigeria has the world's 10th largest tuberculosis (TB) burden. Targeted community-based interventions can potentially help reduce TB incidence. We designed an intervention in a periurban community where 10 community volunteers were trained to provide community TB education and also detect and refer TB suspects to a nearby clinic. To determine the effect of the intervention on knowledge, attitude, and preventive practices of TB, we compared results from a pre-intervention survey with those of a post-intervention survey. Pre-intervention, respondents had a mean knowledge score of 10.6 ± 7.0 of a possible 34, a mean attitude score of 5.8 ± 3.3 of a possible 10, and a mean practice score of 5.3 ± 1.4 of a possible 7. The intervention significantly increased the mean knowledge score to 16 ± 5.4 (P 0.001) and mean attitude score to 7.0 ± 1.8 (P 0.001); however, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean practice score. Eight TB suspects were referred to the clinic, and one suspect was subsequently diagnosed with TB. The use of trained community volunteers to share information on TB improved the overall knowledge and attitudes of respondents. Continued empowerment of the community should be encouraged to promote TB prevention and care.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trained Community Volunteers Improve Tuberculosis Knowledge and Attitudes Among Adults in a Periurban Community in Southwest Nigeria

Balogun¹,

Sekoni²,

Meloni³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…25,34 In contrast, standards for natural, per-person ventilation rates are far more appropriate for quantifying transmission reduction in prison settings. The WHO recommends a minimum ventilation rate of 60 L/s/person for general wards and outpatient departments and even higher ventilation rates (160 L/s/person) for airborne precaution rooms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Ventilation and Early Diagnosis on Tuberculosis Transmission in Brazilian Prisons

Urrego¹,

Ko²,

Carbone³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Prisoners have among the highest incidence of tuberculosis (TB) globally. However, the contribution of the prison environment on transmission is not well understood and structural characteristics have received little attention as effective epidemiological interventions in TB control. We evaluated architectural characteristics and estimated ventilation rates in 141 cells in three prisons in central west Brazil using steady-state exhaled carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels. We used a modified Wells-Riley equation to estimate the probability of infection for inmates sharing a cell with an infectious case and projected the impact of interventions, including early diagnosis and improved ventilation. Overall, prison cells were densely populated (mean 2.1 m 2 per occupant) and poorly ventilated, with only three cells meeting World Health Organization (WHO) standards for per-person ventilation (60 L/s) applied in infection control settings. In the absence of interventions, projected mean risk of infection was 78.0% during a 6-month period. Decreasing timeto-diagnosis by 25% reduced transmission risk by 8.3%. Improving ventilation to WHO standards decreased transmission by 38.2%, whereas optimizing cross-ventilation reduced transmission by 64.4%. Prison environments promote high infection risk over short-time intervals. In this context, enhanced diagnostics have a limited impact on reducing transmission. Improving natural ventilation may be required to effectively control TB in prisons.

show abstract

“…Various human genetic determinants are known to influence the susceptibility to TB [3] (see also contributions by Meyer et al and Bustamante et al to this special issue). Environmental factors such as overcrowding and poor ventilation increase exposure to infectious particles [4], and implementing improved ventilation has been shown to reduce MTBC transmission [5]. Increasingly however, it is becoming clear that better knowledge of the bacterial determinants of virulence and their interaction with host and environmental factors will improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of TB [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consequences of genomic diversity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Coscollá

Gagneux

2014

Seminars in Immunology

383

370

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The causative agent of human tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), comprises seven phylogenetically distinct lineages associated with different geographical regions. Here we review the latest findings on the nature and amount of genomic diversity within and between MTBC lineages. We then review recent evidence for the effect of this genomic diversity on mycobacterial phenotypes measured experimentally and in clinical settings. We conclude that overall, the most geographically widespread Lineage 2 (includes Beijing) and Lineage 4 (also known as Euro-American) are more virulent than other lineages that are more geographically restricted. This increased virulence is associated with delayed or reduced pro-inflammatory host immune responses, greater severity of disease, and enhanced transmission. Future work should focus on the interaction between MTBC and human genetic diversity, as well as on the environmental factors that modulate these interactions.

show abstract

Natural ventilation reduces high TB transmission risk in traditional homes in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Cited by 42 publications

References 22 publications

Trained Community Volunteers Improve Tuberculosis Knowledge and Attitudes Among Adults in a Periurban Community in Southwest Nigeria

Trained Community Volunteers Improve Tuberculosis Knowledge and Attitudes Among Adults in a Periurban Community in Southwest Nigeria

The Impact of Ventilation and Early Diagnosis on Tuberculosis Transmission in Brazilian Prisons

Consequences of genomic diversity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About