Natural History of the Rearfoot Angle: Preliminary Values in 150 Children

Sobel, Ellen; Levitz, S; Caselli, M; Brentnall, Zina; Tran, Michael Q.

doi:10.1177/107110079902000209

Cited by 38 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…The group of nonwearers had a mean angle of 9.45º, and the group of wearers, a mean angle of 2.76º. Such findings are similar to those reported by other researchers, who found values ranging from 0º to 7º valgus in children aged six to 16 years 27 , and from 5º to 7º in children aged seven to eight years 26 . There is a physiological valgus in the barefoot condition for the ankle posture of children and adolescents.…”

Section: Foot Posture and Plantar Arch Among High-heel Wearerssupporting

confidence: 81%

Postura do pé e classificação do arco plantar de adolescentes usuárias e não usuárias de calçados de salto alto

Pezzan

Sacco

João

2009

Rev. bras. fisioter.

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Section: Foot Posture and Plantar Arch Among High-heel Wearerssupporting

confidence: 81%

Postura do pé e classificação do arco plantar de adolescentes usuárias e não usuárias de calçados de salto alto

Pezzan

Sacco

João

2009

Rev. bras. fisioter.

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“…Of more interest was the rather broad range of values detected and the finding that mean values for left and right rearfoot angles frequently surpassed the arbitrary excessive limit of 5°t o 6°regardless of group membership. While Sobel and colleagues 39 have suggested that normal rearfoot measures fall in the range of 0°to 9°and that there is a need to reconsider what might be considered an ideal normal value, their upper limit of 9°± 2°, was clearly exceeded in 36 of the 100 (36%) asymptomatic limbs examined in this study. The same limit was surpassed in approximately 20 of the 39 (51%) symptomatic limbs studied.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…6,40 Orthotic intervention has been efficacious in reducing overuse symptoms, 13,15 yet some are sceptical as to whether this reduced symptomology is truly a product of skeletal realignment. Sobel and colleagues 39 have stated that early assertions of the weight-bearing neutral rearfoot angle of 0°as normal 17,28 are not supported by empirical data, and suggest 4.0°± 1.1°(range, 0°-9°) valgus orientation of the rearfoot as more descriptive of typical positioning. Similarly, others 20 have suggested that there is no evidence to support that the placement of the rearfoot in a neutral position is advantageous.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilateral Rearfoot Asymmetry and Anterior Knee Pain Syndrome

Livingston

Mandigo²

2003

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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Study Design: Single-session observational study. Objectives: To examine the magnitude and extent of asymmetry between right and left rearfoot angles in individuals who are asymptomatic versus symptomatic for anterior knee pain. Background: Asymmetry in lower limb measures has been linked to the occurrence of knee pathologies, yet the practice of deriving unilateral rather than bilateral data and thereafter averaging the findings may play a role in obscuring the true nature of the rearfoot angle-knee pain relationship. Methods and Measures:A convenience sample of participants was recruited from the local university and business communities and a university-affiliated physiotherapy clinic. Eighty-one young adult males and females volunteered to participate in this study. Following an extensive screening process, including mandatory exclusion for a previous history of lower limb dysfunction or injury, data were collected from 75 individuals classified as asymptomatic (n = 50), unilaterally symptomatic (n = 11), or bilaterally symptomatic (n = 14) for anterior knee pain. Right and left rearfoot angles were goniometrically measured under static, weight-bearing conditions. Results: No significant differences in mean right and left rearfoot angles by group or limb were observed. However, these mean values did not always reflect the true variation of data within the sample. Fifty-six percent of the individuals studied demonstrated a minimum of 4°bilateral rearfoot angle difference, while for 20% of the sample this difference exceeded 7°. Only a weak yet statistically significant correlation existed between right and left rearfoot angles (r = 0.31, PϽ0.01). Conclusions: Rearfoot angles in weight bearing are not bilaterally symmetric, and the magnitude and direction of the observed asymmetry does not appear to be indicative of whether an individual is asymptomatic or symptomatic for anterior knee pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2003;33:48-55.

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“…These findings are consistent with previous studies that report no sex differences in tibial torsion, 57 navicular drop, 6,24,51,81 or standing rearfoot angle. 5,75 The lack of evidence to support a sex difference in these variables suggests that these variables alone do not independently explain the greater risk of knee injuries in females. 24,45 The interaction of a sex difference with other alignment variables that differ between males and females may more accurately identify those at increased risk of injury.…”

Section: Tibial Torsion and Subtalar Joint Pronationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Clinical Measures of Lower Extremity Alignment

Nguyen¹,

Shultz²

2007

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

167

135

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Selected lower limb injuries and, in particular, those of the knee have been reported to occur in greater prevalence in females compared to males. 4,29,49,60,61,85 Sex differences in lower extremity alignment (LEA) have been included among a myriad of risk factors as a potential cause for the prevalence of knee injury in females. 21,29,34,33,47 Anecdotally, females have been cited as having greater anterior pelvic tilt, femoral anteversion, tibiofemoral angle, quadriceps angle, genu recurvatum, tibial torsion, and foot pronation. 21,29 However, apart from the measure of quadriceps angle, there is little empirical data to support these sex differences in a healthy population.While the literature consistently demonstrates greater mean quadriceps angles in females, 1,23,24,26,28,84 limited studies support a sex difference in mean pelvic tilt 24 and genu recurvatum. 81 Conversely, no sex differences have been observed with measures of tibial torsion 57,77 and foot pronation as measured by navicular drop 6,24,51,81 t StuDy DeSign: Descriptive, cohort design.t ObJectiveS: To comprehensively examine sex differences in clinical measures of static lower extremity alignment (LEA).t bAckgrOunD: Sex differences in LEA have been included among a myriad of risk factors as a potential cause for the increased prevalence of knee injury in females. While clinical observations suggest that sex differences in LEA exist, little empirical data are available to support these sex differences or the normal values that should be expected in a healthy population.t MethODS AnD MeASureS: The right and left static LEA of 100 healthy college-age participants (50 males [mean 6 SD age, 23.3 6 3.6 years; height, 177.8 6 8.0 cm, body mass, 80.4 6 11.6 kg] and 50 females [mean 6 SD age, 21.8 6 2.5 years; height, 164.3 6 6.9 cm; body mass, 67.4 6 15.2 kg]) was measured. Each alignment characteristic was analyzed via separate repeated-measures analyses of variance, with 1 between-subject factor (sex) and 1 within-subject factor (side).t reSultS: There were no significant sex-byside interactions and no differences between sides. Females had greater mean anterior pelvic tilt, hip anteversion, quadriceps angles, tibiofemoral angles, and genu recurvatum than males (P<.0001). No sex differences were observed in tibial torsion (P = .131), navicular drop (P = .130), and rearfoot angle (P = .590).t cOncluSiOn: Sex differences in LEA indicate that females, on average, have greater anterior pelvic tilt, thigh internal rotation, knee valgus, and genu recurvatum. These sex differences were not accompanied by differences in the lower leg, ankle, and foot. Understanding these collective sex differences in LEA may help us to better examine the influence of LEA on dynamic lower extremity function and clarify their role as a potential injury risk factor.

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Natural History of the Rearfoot Angle: Preliminary Values in 150 Children

Cited by 38 publications

References 25 publications

Postura do pé e classificação do arco plantar de adolescentes usuárias e não usuárias de calçados de salto alto

Postura do pé e classificação do arco plantar de adolescentes usuárias e não usuárias de calçados de salto alto

Bilateral Rearfoot Asymmetry and Anterior Knee Pain Syndrome

Sex Differences in Clinical Measures of Lower Extremity Alignment

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