Natural and Laboratory Transmission of the Marine Myxozoan Parasite<i>Kudoa thyrsites</i>to Atlantic Salmon

Moran, J. D. W.; Whitaker, David; Kent, Michael L.

doi:10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0110:naltot>2.0.co;2

Cited by 47 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Failure to experimentally transmit Kudoa thyrsites infection by injection/ingestion of spores (Moran et al, 1999) suggests the potential involvement of alternate hosts in the life-cycles of marine myxozoans, as is well documented for their freshwater counterparts.…”

Section: Transmission Of Marine Myxozoansmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…El-Matbouli et al (1995) demon strated that M. cerebralis migrates via the nervous sys tems prior to settling in the cartilage tissues of rainbow trout. The presence of blood stages of Kudoa thyrsites was suggested after the successful transmission of the parasite to uninfected fish by intraperitoneal injection of blood from infected fish (Moran et al, 1999), though the developmental form of K. thyrsites in blood has not yet been found.…”

Section: Migration Routes In Fish Hostsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review: Gaps in Our Knowledge on Myxozoan Parasites of Fishes

Yokoyama

2003

Fish Pathol.

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Section: Transmission Of Marine Myxozoansmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Migration Routes In Fish Hostsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review: Gaps in Our Knowledge on Myxozoan Parasites of Fishes

Yokoyama

2003

Fish Pathol.

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“…In a careful examination of the sequential development of K. thyrsites, Moran et al (1999b) found that the only stages they could detect that did not contain spores were very small plasmodia within muscle fibers. Furthermore, the ultrastructure of the plasmodia from Atlantic menhaden is distinct from that of the 4 species of Kudoa that have been described.…”

Section: Identification Of the Plasmodiummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Bartholomew et al 1997). In contrast, Kudoa thyrsites requires approximately 5 to 6 mo to develop spores in Atlantic salmon (Moran & Kent 1999, Moran et al 1999b. Using K. thyrsites-specific PCR primers, however, infection could be documented as early as 6 wk p.e.…”

Section: Kudoa Clupeidae Development In Atlantic Menhadenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myxosporean plasmodial infection associated with ulcerative lesions in young-of-the-year Atlantic menhaden in a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay, and possible links to Kudoa clupeidae

Reimschuessel¹,

Gieseker²,

Driscoll³

et al. 2003

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Ulcers in Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe) (Clupeidae), observed along the USA east coast, have been attributed to diverse etiologies including bacterial, fungal and, recently, harmful algal blooms. To understand the early pathogenesis of these lesions, we examined juvenile Atlantic menhaden collected during their seasonal presence in Chesapeake Bay tributaries from April to October 1999 and from March to August 2000. We conducted histopathological examinations of young-of-the-year fish from the Pocomoke River tributary, which has a history of fish mortalities and high lesion prevalence. Kudoa clupeidae (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) spores were present in the muscles of fish collected in both years. Of the fish assessed by histology in April, 5 to 14% were infected, while in May 90 to 96% were infected. Infection rates remained high during the summer. Mature spores were primarily located within myomeres and caused little or no observable pathological changes. Ultrastructure showed spores with capsulogenic cells bearing filamentous projections, and a basal crescentic nucleus with mottled nucleoplasm containing cleaved, condensed chromatin. Also, a highly invasive plasmodial stage of a myxozoan was found in the lesions of juvenile Atlantic menhaden. The plasmodia were observed in fish collected between May and July, with the maximum occurrence in late June 1999 and late May 2000. Plasmodia penetrated and surrounded muscle bundles, causing grossly observable raised lesions in 73% of all fish infected with this invasive stage. Plasmodia were also detected in the visceral organs, branchial arches, and interocular muscles of some fish. Some of the invasive extrasporogonic plasmodial lesions were associated with ulcers and chronic inflammatory infiltrates. The plasmodial stage appeared to slough out of the tissue with subsequent evidence of wound healing. Ultrastructure showed plasmodia with an elaborate irregular surface, divided into distinct ectoplasm and endoplasm; the latter contained numerous spherical vegetative nuclei, secondary generative cells, and occasional cell doublets. Our ultrastructural studies indicate that the plasmodial organisms, which are important in the etiology of the skin lesions, are myxozoans, and they may represent early stages of K. clupeidae. KEY WORDS: Atlantic menhaden · Brevoortia tyrannus · Kudoa clupeidae · Myxosporea · Plasmodia · LesionsResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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“…As well, the PKX trophozoite represents the extrasporogonic stage of an undescribed species (Kent & Hedrick 1986). Although extrasporogonic development has not been reported for any member of the genus Kudoa, it was recently reported that K. thyrsites can be experimentally transmitted by blood injections, which suggests that extrasporogonic development may occur in this species (Moran et al 1999b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Kudoa thyrsites (Myxozoa:Myxosporea) in netpen-reared Atlantic salmon determined by light microscopy and a polymerase chain reaction test

Moran

Margolis²,

Webster³

et al. 1999

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The intramuscular phase of development of Kudoa thyrsites, the myxosporean associated with post-mortem myoliquefaction, or 'soft flesh syndrome', is described using histological preparations of the musculature of seawater netpen-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon were naturally exposed to the infective stage whlle held in the expenmental seawater netpens of the Pacific Biological Station in Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada. In fish exposed during the summer of 1995, K. thyrsites infections were first detected in the somatic musculature at 13 wk postexposure (p.e.) using only light microscopy. In the 1997 exposure, infections were first detected at 6 wk p.e. using a PCR test and at 9 wk p.e. using light microscopy. The earliest stage detected by histology was a small plasmodium containing 4 nuclei. No host response was observed that was directly related to the presence of intact plasmodia within muscle fibers. However, a response was associated with ruptured plasmodia, which was characterized by chronic, multlfocal inflammation between the muscle fibers.

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Natural and Laboratory Transmission of the Marine Myxozoan ParasiteKudoa thyrsitesto Atlantic Salmon

Cited by 47 publications

References 26 publications

A Review: Gaps in Our Knowledge on Myxozoan Parasites of Fishes

A Review: Gaps in Our Knowledge on Myxozoan Parasites of Fishes

Myxosporean plasmodial infection associated with ulcerative lesions in young-of-the-year Atlantic menhaden in a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay, and possible links to Kudoa clupeidae

Development of Kudoa thyrsites (Myxozoa:Myxosporea) in netpen-reared Atlantic salmon determined by light microscopy and a polymerase chain reaction test

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