Nanotube Molecular Wires as Chemical Sensors

Kong, Jing; Franklin, Nathan; Zhou, Chongwu; Chapline, Michael G.; Peng, Shu; Cho, Kyeongjae; Dai, Hongjie

doi:10.1126/science.287.5453.622

Cited by 5,825 publications

(3,642 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…For example, NO 2 gas acts as a source of acid rain and contributes to the formation of ozone (O 3 ), which is the major cause of photochemical smog 5, 6. NO 2 at a concentration higher than 1 ppm can also cause serious diseases to people's respiratory system 2, 6, 7. Furthermore, ammonia (NH 3 ) is a toxic and colorless gas with permissible exposure limit of 50 ppm over 8 h per working day or 40 h per working week 8.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 3D Chemically Modified Graphene Hydrogel for Fast, Highly Sensitive, and Selective Gas Sensor

et al. 2016

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Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) has proved to be a promising candidate in high‐performance gas sensing in ambient conditions. However, trace detection of different kinds of gases with simultaneously high sensitivity and selectivity is challenging. Here, a chemiresistor‐type sensor based on 3D sulfonated RGO hydrogel (S‐RGOH) is reported, which can detect a variety of important gases with high sensitivity, boosted selectivity, fast response, and good reversibility. The NaHSO3 functionalized RGOH displays remarkable 118.6 and 58.9 times higher responses to NO2 and NH3, respectively, compared with its unmodified RGOH counterpart. In addition, the S‐RGOH sensor is highly responsive to volatile organic compounds. More importantly, the characteristic patterns on the linearly fitted response–temperature curves are employed to distinguish various gases for the first time. The temperature of the sensor is elevated rapidly by an imbedded microheater with little power consumption. The 3D S‐RGOH is characterized and the sensing mechanisms are proposed. This work gains new insights into boosting the sensitivity of detecting various gases by combining chemical modification and 3D structural engineering of RGO, and improving the selectivity of gas sensing by employing temperature dependent response characteristics of RGO for different gases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 3D Chemically Modified Graphene Hydrogel for Fast, Highly Sensitive, and Selective Gas Sensor

et al. 2016

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“…1 In this letter we concentrate on the possibility of using carbon nanotubes as chemical sensors and probes. Pioneering experiments from Dai's group 2,3 have shown that at room temperature the resistance of an individual single wall carbon nanotube is very responsive to the adsorption of molecules, such as NO 2 and NH 3 . These measurements demonstrate the excellent sensing capabilities of CNTs, in particular their fast response time, high selectivity, and reversibility.…”

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confidence: 99%

Carbon Nanotube−Metal Cluster Composites: A New Road to Chemical Sensors?

et al. 2005

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Novel carbon nanotube−metal cluster structures are proposed as prototype systems for molecular recognition at the nanoscale. Ab initio calculations show that already the bare nanotube cluster system displays some specificity because the adsorption of ammonia on a carbon nanotube−Al cluster system is easily detected electrically, while diborane adsorption does not provide an electrical signature. Since there are well-established procedures for attaching molecular receptors to metal clusters, these results provide a "proof-of-principle" for the development of novel, high-specificity molecular sensors.Since their discovery in 1991, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have become one of the most exciting nanomaterials, combining a range of extraordinary physical properties, such as extremely small size and high aspect ratio, high stiffness and excellent flexibility under different mechanical stimuli, high structural and chemical stability, and a rich spectrum of electrical properties. Many potential applications have been proposed: superstrong composites, energy storage and energy conversion devices, field emission displays, mechanical, chemical and biological probes and sensors, radiation sources, nanoelectronic devices, and more. 1 In this letter we concentrate on the possibility of using carbon nanotubes as chemical sensors and probes. Pioneering experiments from Dai's group 2,3 have shown that at room temperature the resistance of an individual single wall carbon nanotube is very responsive to the adsorption of molecules, such as NO 2 and NH 3 . These measurements demonstrate the excellent sensing capabilities of CNTs, in particular their fast response time, high selectivity, and reversibility. It has also been shown that CNT-based single-molecule biosensors 4-6 can compete with other nanowire nanosensors 7 in detecting biological and chemical molecules. If appropriately functionalized, carbon nanotubes even have the ability to recognize proteins and DNA. [8][9][10] Moreover, their intrinsic strength and resilience makes them ideally suited for ultrasmall sensors capable of exploring complicated geometries at the nanoscale. 5,6 Real-world applications, such as CNTbased resonant-circuit wireless ammonia sensors, have been developed by different groups. 11,12 Due to their strong sp 2 bonding and near perfect hexagonal network, carbon nanotubes are chemically stable and do not form strong chemical bonds with most molecules. However, since experiments have shown that the properties of a CNT can change when it is immersed in a specific chemical or biological environment, there has been a substantial effort toward the development of techniques to enhance the sensing capability of CNTs. The most common route to improvement in reactivity and sensitivity is through functionalization of CNT sidewalls with specific bio/chemical molecules. [4][5][6]8 In fact, chemical functionalization can both ensure better chemical bonding between the nanotube and a specific chemical species as well as improve the selectivity of the adsorptio...

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“…Unique mechanical and electronic properties of these molecular-scale wires enabled a variety of applications ranging from novel composite materials, 4 to electronic circuits, 5 to new sensors. 6 Often, these applications require non-covalent modification of carbon nanotubes with organic compounds, 7 DNA and biomolecules, 8 and polymers 9 to change nanotube properties or to add new functionality. We recently demonstrated a versatile and flexible strategy for non-covalent modification of carbon nanotubes using layer-by-layer self-assembly of polyelectrolytes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Persistence Length Control of the Polyelectrolyte Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly on Carbon Nanotubes

et al. 2005

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We have studied layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte self-assembly on pristine individual single-wall carbon nanotubes as a function of solution ionic strength. We report the existence of an ionic strength threshold for the deposition, below which the majority of nanotubes remain uncoated. Once the ionic strength reaches the threshold value, the majority of the individual nanotubes become coated with polyelectrolytes. Our results indicate that the self-assembly process likely involves wrapping of polymer chains around nanotubes and that the polymer chain's ability to bend in order to accommodate the nanotube curvature is one of the critical parameters controlling layer-by-layer electrostatic self-assembly on these one-dimensional templates.

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Nanotube Molecular Wires as Chemical Sensors

Cited by 5,825 publications

References 23 publications

A 3D Chemically Modified Graphene Hydrogel for Fast, Highly Sensitive, and Selective Gas Sensor

A 3D Chemically Modified Graphene Hydrogel for Fast, Highly Sensitive, and Selective Gas Sensor

Carbon Nanotube−Metal Cluster Composites: A New Road to Chemical Sensors?

Persistence Length Control of the Polyelectrolyte Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly on Carbon Nanotubes

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