Nanosized vehicles for delivery of photosensitizers in photodynamic diagnosis and therapy of cancer

Abstract

The review summarizes the state of the art of research in the field of nanosized vehicles for delivery of photosensitizers for diagnosis and treatment of malignant neoplasms by photodynamic cancer therapy. Data on the utilization of porphyrin- and phthalocyanine-based photosensitizers in medical practice, the employment of vehicles for their delivery and the development of new effective medications are considered. The review focuses on the most commonly used and proven vehicles based on lipids, lipoproteins and polymers. Strategies for increasing efficiency of nanosized delivery vehicles using various vector molecules specific to different types of cancer are discussed. A systematic analysis of the published data is presented and the available tools for increasing the efficacy of photodynamic therapy by means of nanosized delivery vehicles are assessed. The bibliography includes 188 references.

Novel Cationic Meso-Arylporphyrins and Their Antiviral Activity against HSV-1

“…The literature mainly provides an investigation of cationic pyridinium porphyrins, analogues of the TMePyP [ 25 , 27 , 32 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. In this work, the synthesized compounds differed in the length of aliphatic spacers between macrocycle and terminal cationic pyridinium groups (2 or 5 methylene units) ( Figure 1 , Scheme 1 ), in order to establish their structure/properties relationship.…”

“…and their chemical and thermal stability [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Natural porphyrins and their synthetic analogues are widely used as photosensitizers for the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of neoplasms [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ] and the photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of microorganisms, such as viruses [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ], bacteria [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ] and fungi [ 39 , 40 ].…”

“…The hydrophobic nature of the tetrapyrrole macrocycle limits the use of these compounds in biomedicine. An effective approach to overcome this problem is the use of molecular delivery vehicles, such as liposomes, inorganic nanoparticles and polymers [ 22 , 25 , 27 , 47 ]. In recent years, researchers have shown increased interest in polymer micelles based on Pluronics—amphiphilic triple block copolymers of polyethylene oxide (PEO) and polypropylene oxide (PPO), several of which, including Pluronic F-127, have been approved for clinical use by the FDA [ 47 ].…”

Aggregation‐Induced Emission Luminogens Married to 2D Black Phosphorus Nanosheets for Highly Efficient Multimodal Theranostics

“…[ 1–3 ] Compared to the traditional small molecule agents, nanosized theranostic platforms hold great potential for achieving the maximum of therapeutic efficiency and the minimum of off‐target toxicity. [ 4–6 ] In spite of this, engineering effective theranostic nanoplatforms with the integrated functionalities of multiple diagnostic imaging and synergistic cancer therapy are still particularly challenging. Previously developed theranostic systems exhibit their respective and collective drawbacks including unsatisfied diagnosis imaging quality, low therapeutic loading and storage stability, toxicity and nondegradability of intrinsic components, as well as production complexity.…”

Analysis of Photosynthetic Systems and Their Applications with Mathematical and Computational Models

“…An exciting application of nano-sized self-assemblies of the chlorosomes found in the green sulfur as a contrast agent for medical imaging for visualizing different structures and pathologies within the human body has been demonstrated in [215][216][217][218]. The feasibility and potential of such studies can be attributed to the fact that light harvesting antennas like chlorosomes have a special structure through which they can absorb light even from the region with very low intensity of light source.…”