Nanoparticle Synthesis by Biogenic Approach

Abstract

Biological synthesis of nanoparticles has been present in living organisms over the course of evolution to serve a variety of purposes. In this chapter, we discuss the latest trends and application for nanoparticle synthesis via plants, algae, yeast, bacteria, fungi, etc. There exists several review articles among others documenting studies about various biogenic sources and associated nanoparticle synthesis; we have rather emphasized on recent research works which probed into novel applications of these bio-nanoparticles along with some important historical fi ndings. Also, we have discussed the challenges faced by biogenic methods along with possible areas to tweak in order to standardize this synthesis technique. Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles has the potential to provide cost-effective, eco-friendly alternative to work as "biological nanofactories"/functionalization method once the attention has been shifted to understand the underlying mechanism, its in vitro replication and obtaining shape/size control over the nanoparticles being synthesized.

Wastewater Mediated Activation of Micromotors for Efficient Water Cleaning

“…Therefore, we see that several industrial processes generate effluent wastewater consisting of 4-NP and NaBH 4 , requiring further treatment before their discharge. For the same reason, several interesting concepts have been reported for catalytic degradation of 4-NP pollutant (with NaBH 4 as reductant) by using metal polyelectrolyte brushes, metal–polymer dendrimers, TiO 2 mediated photocatalytic degradation, bimetallic composites, as well as biogenic materials. , It is important to note that, in all the above-described catalytic methods for 4-NP pollutant degradation, the wastewater study consists of 4-NP along with NaBH 4 to initiate the catalytic degradation reaction via a formation of nitrophenolate ion complex as extensively discussed later in this manuscript.…”

The Ecogeographical Impact of Air Pollution in the Azerbaijan Cities: Possible Plant/Synthetic‐Based Nanomaterial Solutions

“…In the setting of the versatility of plant synthesis, this is connected with its different biochemical composition since plant segments contain several chemical components such as lipids, peptides, proteins, polysaccharides, vitamins, and nucleic acids. Also, plants contain several active constituents including, aglycones, polyols, pigments, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, polyphenols, resins, and phytohormones (Figure 4) [54,[67][68][69][70][71][72]. These agents comprise functional groups such as aldehyde, ketone, alcohol, unsaturated segments, and/or thiols which provides chemical reactions platforms for reduction-oxidation and/or stabilization of NPs during synthesis reactions [54,67,68].…”

Microbial Membrane-Supported Catalysts: A Paradigm Shift in Clean Energy and Greener Production

“…While, biogenic materials have also witnessed unprecedented progress in the medical (drug delivery) , and healthcare (like tissue engineering) areas, their application in nonmedical areas has been rather limited. While the early developmental phase of biogenic materials was focused on nanomaterial synthesis and characterization, ,− a paradigm shift has been witnessed upon the incorporation of genetic engineering, , supramolecular chemistry, , and “renewed” (or rather mandatory) interest in green chemistry.…”

“…Engineered biogenic materials (EBMs) can be described as a hierarchical assembly of organic/inorganic molecules via functional and structural components derived from a living system. These biogenic interphases can be from a natural source like plants (lectins as drug carriers), bacteria (engineered outer membrane with vector properties), mammalian cells (protein and cell-derived microvesicles), etc., each agent imparting a distinct set of material properties. − Traditionally, this area has been classified as biohybrid materials, with research at the interface of biologically derived components together with materials fabrication. However, with advances in this area of research, three distinct classes have emerged in the form of Biogenic (biological cell/extracts, nonliving), biomimetic (chemical linkages and synthetic designing of biological interfaces), and bionic materials (living engineered cell factories), each with its distinct set of advantages as discussed elsewhere …”