Nanomolar Level Acetaminophen Sensor Based on Novel Polypyrrole Hydrogel Derived N‐doped Porous Carbon

Abstract

This study develops a novel approach to morphology‐controlled N‐doped porous carbons (NPC) derived from supramolecular crosslinked polypyrrole hydrogel (PPy‐gel) with tetra‐functional tetrakis(4‐carboxyphenyl)porphyrin as dopant and cross‐linker. Both optimized PPy‐gel and NPC realize acetaminophen determination at nanomolar level, displaying record‐low respective detection limits of 3.0 and 1.0 nM (S/N=3). The optimized NPC demonstrates necklace‐like structure with more edge pyridinic N, revealing better electronic conductivity and higher electrochemically active surface area, and consequently higher sensitivity and selectivity. Even in the presence of three interferences (ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid), NPC based electrochemical sensor also shows the ultra‐low detection limit (1.2 nM). The promising application potential of the sensor is proved by the high consistence between measurements in pharmaceutical sample and established acetaminophen standard curve. Moreover, the determination results of acetaminophen in human urine sample obtained by this sensor were in a good agreement with the reference values assayed by HPLC.

Fe–Decorated Nitrogen–Doped Carbon Nanospheres as an Electrochemical Sensing Platform for the Detection of Acetaminophen

“…Figure S2B shows CVs of various electrodes in 0.1 M KCl containing 5.0 mM K 3 [Fe (CN) 6 ]. It is clear that the oxidation peak charge of Fe–NC–800/GCE is linearly related to the square root of the scan rate, according to the Randles–Sevcik equation [ 36 ]: I p = 2.69 × 10 5 n 3/2 AD 1/2 Cv 1/2 where A is the effective surface area, n is the number of electrons transferred ( n = 2), D is the diffusion coefficient of K 3 [Fe(CN 6 )] (7.6 × 10 −6 cm 2 /s), and C is the bulk concentration of K 3 [Fe(CN 6 )]. The effective surface area of Fe–NC–800/GCE can be calculated to be 0.285 cm 2 , which is much higher than that of bare GCE (0.023 cm 2 ), NC–800/GCE (0.068 cm 2 ), Fe–NC–700/GCE (0.143 cm 2 ), and Fe–NC–900/GCE (0.201 cm 2 ).…”

Fabrication of self‐functionalized polymeric surfaces and their application in electrochemical acetaminophen detection

“…Differential pulse voltammetric behavior of the modified electrode in different concentrations of AC prepared in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer were given in Figure 5a and the related calibration graph was given in Figure 5b according to the oxidation peak currents of AC. Thus, electrochemical detection strategy relied on the oxidation peak signal of the drug at about +0.55 V [ 7,18,19 ] using the fabricated electrode. This novel electrode presented a linearity to AC at a concentration range of 2.5–150 μM (R 2 = 0.9929).…”

“…Same group has used N‐doped porous carbons derived from supramolecular cross‐linked polypyrrole hydrogel for AC detection. [ 18 ] The linear AC detection has been ranged from 0.002 to 20 μM and the detection limit has been calculated as 1.0 nM in this case. Polypyrrole and copper oxide nanoparticles modified CPE has been developed for simultaneous determination of dopamine and AC by Sheikh‐Mohseni et al [ 19 ] Carbon black, graphene oxide, copper nanoparticles, and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐poly(styrenesulfonate) have used as the modification materials on GCE for the simultaneous determination of isoproterenol, AC, folic acid, propranolol, and caffeine using SWV method.…”

Hydrogel-Based Biosensors

“…Aside from using SPR for detection, electrochemical methods can also be used very reliably for the detection of acetaminophen. Herein, the systems are investigated using cyclic voltammetry or linear sweep voltammetry [ 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 ]. With an increasing concentration of the target molecules, a linearly increasing current could be observed in the cyclic voltammograms [ 103 ].…”