2019
DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119491
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Nanomaterial-based blood-brain-barrier (BBB) crossing strategies

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Cited by 365 publications
(275 citation statements)
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“…[ 4 ] It is reported that nearly 98% of small‐molecule drugs or contrast agents and most macromolecular drugs are routinely excluded from the brain, which makes the treatment and imaging of brain tumors extremely difficult. [ 5,6 ] Although the tight junctions of BBB at the late stage of brain tumors are disrupted to permit drug penetration into brain, the drug concentration in tumor sites is not sufficient to reach the therapeutic level. [ 7 ] More importantly, the treatment of the early stage of brain tumors is more challenging due to the presence of almost intact BBB.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…[ 4 ] It is reported that nearly 98% of small‐molecule drugs or contrast agents and most macromolecular drugs are routinely excluded from the brain, which makes the treatment and imaging of brain tumors extremely difficult. [ 5,6 ] Although the tight junctions of BBB at the late stage of brain tumors are disrupted to permit drug penetration into brain, the drug concentration in tumor sites is not sufficient to reach the therapeutic level. [ 7 ] More importantly, the treatment of the early stage of brain tumors is more challenging due to the presence of almost intact BBB.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…So far, some drug delivery strategies have been proposed for the transportation of cargos crossing BBB to enter the CNS, such as adsorptive‐mediated transcytosis (AMT), carrier‐mediated transport (CMT), and receptor‐mediated transcytosis (RMT). [ 6,9 ] Nanoparticles conjugating a positively charged moiety, such as a cell penetrating peptide (CPP), can contact with the membrane surface of BBB (with negative charge) to traverse the BBB by AMT. [ 5,10 ] But the ability of such nanoparticles to traverse the BBB is relatively low because of limited affinity, lack of selectivity, and easy immune clearance.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Discovering new methods to treat diseases is becoming increasingly complicated because of the numerous natural biological barriers in our bodies such as opsonization by proteins in the blood, first-pass clearance organs, and the immune response [1,2]. The difficulty of overcoming these barriers to create a cure is exponentially increased when trying to deliver pharmaceutics across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) [3,4]. This is due to the brains increased security including tight junctions, low molecule diffusion rates, efflux transporters, and difficulty in reaching sufficient drug exposure in the brain compartment [5].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%