Nanogenerators as a Sustainable Power Source: State of Art, Applications, and Challenges

Indira, Sridhar Sripadmanabhan; Vaithilingam, Chockalingam Aravind; Oruganti, Kameswara Satya Prakash; Faizal, Mohd; Saidur, R.

doi:10.3390/nano9050773

Cited by 86 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 207 publications

(260 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, ZnO NWs grown by hydrothermal technique led to a pure-phase material. The entire samples exhibit a strong peak at 34.4 • corresponding to the lattice plane (0002) of würtzite ZnO structure, confirming that the NWs grew predominantly along the [1] direction. circuit comprising a differential amplifier, which measured the output performances without making any parasitic bias and allowed us to use a resistive load higher than the input impedance of the oscilloscope [26].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 73%

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Fabrication of Piezoelectric ZnO Nanowires Energy Harvester on Flexible Substrate Coated with Various Seed Layer Structures

et al. 2021

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Flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) are very attractive for mechanical energy harvesting due to their high potential for realizing self-powered sensors and low-power electronics. In this paper, a PENG that is based on zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs) is fabricated on flexible and transparent Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. The ZnO NWs were deposited on two different seed layer structures, i.e., gold (Au)/ZnO and tin-doped indium-oxide (ITO)/ZnO, using hydrothermal synthesis. Along with the structural and morphological analyses of ZnO NWs, the electrical characterization was also investigated for ZnO NWs-based flexible PENGs. In order to evaluate the suitability of the PENG device structure, the electrical output performance was studied. By applying a periodic mechanical force of 3 N, the ZnO NWs-based flexible PENG generated a maximum root mean square (RMS) voltage and average power of 2.7 V and 64 nW, respectively. Moreover, the comparison between the fabricated device performances shows that a higher electrical output can be obtained when ITO/ZnO seed layer structure is adopted. The proposed ZnO NWs-based PENG structure can provide a flexible and cost-effective device for supplying portable electronics.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…There has been a significant recent emphasis on mechanical energy harvesting for scavenging wasted or freely available ambient energy to generate electricity. In this context, piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) are required to play a noteworthy role for long lifetime and reliable power supply [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Piezoelectric ZnO Nanowires Energy Harvester on Flexible Substrate Coated with Various Seed Layer Structures

et al. 2021

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“…Triboelectricity is the result of the combination of triboelectrification, which is the generation of charges at the surface of two different materials when they are rubbed, and electrostatic induction, a phenomenon of electricity-generation that is characterized by the flow of electrons between two electrodes, through an external load, to balance their potential difference [ 145 ]. This contact electrification phenomenon is potentiated by the difference of triboelectric polarity of each material: the higher the difference, the greater the amount of charges generated [ 47 , 146 ].…”

Section: Pressure Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transduction Mechanisms, Micro-Structuring Techniques, and Applications of Electronic Skin Pressure Sensors: A Review of Recent Advances

Santos

Fortunato

Martins

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Electronic skin (e-skin), which is an electronic surrogate of human skin, aims to recreate the multifunctionality of skin by using sensing units to detect multiple stimuli, while keeping key features of skin such as low thickness, stretchability, flexibility, and conformability. One of the most important stimuli to be detected is pressure due to its relevance in a plethora of applications, from health monitoring to functional prosthesis, robotics, and human-machine-interfaces (HMI). The performance of these e-skin pressure sensors is tailored, typically through micro-structuring techniques (such as photolithography, unconventional molds, incorporation of naturally micro-structured materials, laser engraving, amongst others) to achieve high sensitivities (commonly above 1 kPa−1), which is mostly relevant for health monitoring applications, or to extend the linearity of the behavior over a larger pressure range (from few Pa to 100 kPa), an important feature for functional prosthesis. Hence, this review intends to give a generalized view over the most relevant highlights in the development and micro-structuring of e-skin pressure sensors, while contributing to update the field with the most recent research. A special emphasis is devoted to the most employed pressure transduction mechanisms, namely capacitance, piezoelectricity, piezoresistivity, and triboelectricity, as well as to materials and novel techniques more recently explored to innovate the field and bring it a step closer to general adoption by society.

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“…TENG can realize energy harvesting triggered by low-frequency mechanism and can make use of various types of mechanical energy effectively. TENG has a wide range of applications, such as wearable power supply [ 25 – 27 ], motion tracking [ 28 ], health monitoring [ 29 , 30 ], and Human Machine Interface (HMI) [ 31 – 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Triboelectric Nanogenerators: From Energy Complementation to Integration

et al. 2021

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Energy collection ways using solar energy, wave, wind, or mechanical energy have attracted widespread attention for small self-powered electronic devices with low power consumption, such as sensors, wearable devices, electronic skin, and implantable devices. Among them, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) operated by coupling effect of triboelectrification and electrostatic induction has gradually gained prominence due to its advantages such as low cost, lightweight, high degree of freedom in material selection, large power, and high applicability. The device with a single energy exchange mechanism is limited by its conversion efficiency and work environment and cannot achieve the maximum conversion of energy. Thus, this article reviews the research status of different types of hybrid generators based on TENG in recent years. Hybrid energy generators will improve the output performance though the integration of different energy exchange methods, which have an excellent application prospect. From the perspective of energy complementation, it can be divided into harvesting mechanical energy by various principles, combining with harvesters of other clean energy, and converting mechanical energy or various energy sources into hydrogen energy. For integrating multitype energy harvesters, mechanism of single device and structural design of integrated units for different application scenarios are summarized. The expanding energy harvesting efficiency of the hybrid TENG makes the scheme of self-charging unit to power intelligent mobile electronic feasible and has practical significance for the development of self-powered sensor network.

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Nanogenerators as a Sustainable Power Source: State of Art, Applications, and Challenges

Cited by 86 publications

References 207 publications

Fabrication of Piezoelectric ZnO Nanowires Energy Harvester on Flexible Substrate Coated with Various Seed Layer Structures

Fabrication of Piezoelectric ZnO Nanowires Energy Harvester on Flexible Substrate Coated with Various Seed Layer Structures

Transduction Mechanisms, Micro-Structuring Techniques, and Applications of Electronic Skin Pressure Sensors: A Review of Recent Advances

Hybrid Triboelectric Nanogenerators: From Energy Complementation to Integration

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