Nanoencapsulation of clove oil and study of physicochemical properties, cytotoxic, hemolytic, and antioxidant activities

Abstract

The therapeutic properties of clove oil are well known, however, the pungent nature, chemical instability, and low water solubility impose limitations in harnessing its potential. Nanoemulsion of clove oil (CON) was prepared to overcome the above constraints. The non-ionic surfactants Tween 20, 40, and 80 with hydrophile lipophile balance (HLB) of 16.7, 15.6, and 15, respectively, were used to stabilize CON. The creaming index of CON prepared with Tween 20, 40, and 80 was 22.75, 17.5, and 1.5%, respectively, after 8 days of storage at room temperature. Tween 20 and 40 produced particles >300 nm while Tween 80 produced 150 nm. Transmission electron microscopic image of spray-dried CON (with Tween 80) showed particles in the range of 150-190 nm. The in vitro release studies showed 76 and 42% cumulative release of CON and native clove oil (NC), respectively, at pH 7.4. The cellular toxicity of CON was significantly reduced by fourfold compared to NC at a concentration of 60 μg/ml when tested on CaCO 2 cells. Similarly, hemolytic activity on red blood cells revealed less than 10% hemolysis. In addition, CON also exhibited higher in-vitro antioxidant compared to NC as shown by 1, 1-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl and 2,2 0-azino-di-[3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonate (6)] (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. Practical application: The study highlights the development of clove oil nanoemulsion using cost-effective, commercially important polysaccharide (maltodextrin) and surfactant for increased bioactivity. The spray-dried nanoparticle showed high retention (95%) of oil and small particle size even after 1 month of storage at room temperature. The biological studies signify the compatibility of nanoparticle for its nutraceutical applications because of its low cytotoxicity (fourfold reduction), hemolytic activity, and high anti-oxidant property. The clove oil nanoparticles can replace the clove oil/microencapsulated particles in food product development due to their high water dispersibility and loading content (25% on dry weight basis). 1 | INTRODUCTION Clove oil, an essential oil extracted from the spice Syzigum aromaticaum, is known for its therapeutic properties such as antioxi

Effect the addition of micro- and nano-capsule cumin and clove oils as antioxidants and anti-cancer on rancidity and shelf life in some biscuit products

“…The results are consistent with findings by Nagaraju et al, [36] in the antioxidant properties of the original clove oil and nanometer capsule oil in food product development due to the high water dispersion rate but tolerance of 25% oil content on a dry weight basis.…”

“…Nagaraju et al, [36] used non-ionic surfactants to stabilize the nano emulsion of clove oil to increase its solubility in water and increase chemical stability. The emulsion particle size was 300 nm after 8 days of storage at room temperature.…”

“…It is clear that the anti-proliferative effect of nanoencapsulated clove oil in CMC was similarly potent to the non-encapsulate clove oil in HCT116, PC3, HePG2 and MCF7 cell lines than microencapsulated clove oil. Nagaraju et al, [36] showed that the cytotoxicity of nano-capsule clove oil was four times lower than that of the initial oil at a concentration 60 μgml -1 when tested on CaCO2 cells.…”

MAPLE Processed Nanostructures for Antimicrobial Coatings

“…The initial mixture of eugenol and APTMS ( Figure 5 ) presents infrared bands corresponding to the stretching of aromatic C–H (~3072 cm −1 ), =C–H (~2937 cm −1 ), aliphatic C–H (~2836 cm −1 ), aromatic C=C (~2937 cm −1 ), and C–O–C (~1249cm −1 ) originating from E. The infrared maxima identified at ~1051 cm −1 and ~912 cm −1 result from the overlapped vibrations of E (C–O–C symmetric stretching and benzene C-H out-of-plane bending, respectively) [ 65 ] and the silica network (asymmetric Si–O–Si and Si-O-Fe stretching, and symmetric Si–O–Si stretch, respectively) [ 66 , 67 ]. The band from ~1137 cm −1 is particularly assigned to the asymmetric stretch of aliphatic amines from APTMS [ 68 ].…”

High-Pressure-Homogenized Clove and Thyme Oil Emulsions: Formulation, Stability, and Antioxidant Capacity

“…Nagaraju et al (2021) reported that Tween 80 easily adsorbed around the clove oil droplets due to the presence of double bond on its nonpolar chain. 37 Similarly, Edris and Malone (2012) hypothesized that the surfactant-like structure of eugenol increased the surfactant efficiency. 38 PDI results of the emulsions are given in Table 1.…”