Nano-size ceramic reinforced 3D biopolymer scaffolds: Tribomechanical testing and stem cell activity

Structure, properties, and bioactivity of 3D printed PAEKs for implant applications: A systematic review

“…Whereas for SLS, annealing (6.7%, n = 1/15) was the only mentioned postprocessing method. Shihskovksy et al 52 annealed the nano‐induced PEEK SLS parts at 150°C at 1 hr prior to testing, they noted the shrinkage of the samples annealed compared to nonannealed.…”

“…Among SLS studies, Shishkovsky et al 52 tested solid dog bone specimen of SLS PEEK with different nano additives and stated that the highest strength was achieved via pure PEEK with 33 MPa which is 34% of injection molded 63 . They concluded that addition of nano materials (Al₂O₃, HA, TiO₂, ZrO₂) decreased the strength and deformation properties of printed parts.…”

“…Furthermore, HA incorporation (10%) was suggested by Tan et al 62 for SLS PEEK‐HA porous scaffolds, where the qualitive results were noted as positive cell adhesion, viability, no toxic effect and prohibition of cell proliferation. In the same manner, Shiskovsky et al 52 incorporated different nano‐sized materials TiO₂, Al₂O₃, ZrO₂, and HA into PEEK via SLS. They showed that PEEK (control group) and PEEK‐HA had higher cell proliferation activity compared to PEEK incorporated with either TiO₂, Al₂O₃, and ZrO₂.…”

“…Though annealing has been indicated to relieve stress and increase mechanical strength by improving crystallization, 66 it was also found to have no impact on improving the mechanical properties of AM PEEK implants post printing 42 . One study also reported shrinkage of PEEK samples resulting from additional heating, signifying a possible threat to the dimensional stability of AM PAEK 52 . Obviously, the potential alteration of AM implant size is a critical consideration in postprocessing management, and it would be beneficial for future research to provide guidance on the postprinting heating necessity of AM PAEK implants.…”

The convergence of nanotechnology‐stem cell, nanotopography‐mechanobiology, and biotic‐abiotic interfaces: Nanoscale tools for tackling the top killer, arteriosclerosis, strokes, and heart attacks

“…As the nanotopography of nanomaterial surfaces improves the adhering of stem cells to enhance, this phenomenon executes improvements in underlying mechanisms initiated by 3D scaffolds at the time of the formation of the nano‐stem cell interface. [ 102 ] The use of quantitative high‐content imaging exposes these dealings. These elucidation are the reply to the above‐raised question and re‐define the dimensions of cell morphology and correlated factors.…”