My Role in the Discovery and Classification of the Enteroviruses

Melnick, Joseph L.

doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.50.1.1

Cited by 25 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…They also cause aseptic meningitis; respiratory tract illnesses; herpangina; hand, foot, and mouth disease; otitis media; and infections of numerous other organ systems (8,10,14). CDC Taiwan implemented an enterovirus surveillance system after a devastating hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreak in 1998 caused 78 deaths and 405 severe cases (3).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Rapid and Highly Sensitive Coxsackievirus A Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay Typing Kit for Enterovirus Serotyping

Lin

Huang

et al. 2008

J Clin Microbiol

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We describe the development and evaluation of an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) kit for rapid and sensitive detection of coxsackievirus A2, -4, -5, -6, and -10. This IFA kit was determined to have 95.9 to 100% sensitivity and 95.8 to 97.2% specificity. It also proved to be beneficial in reducing the number of enteroviruses that are untypeable in the clinical virology laboratory.There are more than 90 serotypes (2, 13, 14) of human enteroviruses, and they cause a wide spectrum of acute febrile diseases among infants and children. They also cause aseptic meningitis; respiratory tract illnesses; herpangina; hand, foot, and mouth disease; otitis media; and infections of numerous other organ systems (8,10,14). CDC Taiwan implemented an enterovirus surveillance system after a devastating hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreak in 1998 caused 78 deaths and 405 severe cases (3). To strengthen the enterovirus surveillance and outbreak control, a virology laboratory network with 13 medical centers has been integrated with the system. Clinical laboratories use one of two available diagnostic technologies for enterovirus serotyping: traditional and molecular (4, 8). The traditional method requires reference antisera and relies on virus culture and neutralization tests (5, 9) but is often laborious and time-consuming. The molecular methods that employ PCR and sequencing (11,12) are faster and more accurate but are also less common in clinical laboratories because they require expensive equipment, special technology, and trained personnel. An indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) improved upon the traditional method and helped hospital laboratories simply and reliably deal with many clinical specimens (1, 6, 16). Although the molecular approaches are becoming the method of choice in specialized laboratories, for most clinical and hospital laboratories, as well as laboratories in some developing countries, the IFA might be a better choice if only a preliminary serotyping result is required.Although IFA reagents provide considerable convenience in enterovirus diagnostics, coverage by commercial products is limited to only 19 serotypes (16). For example, in the detection of human enterovirus A species, the use of commercial reagents (e.g., those from Chemicon International, Temecula, CA) allows the diagnosis of coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) and human enterovirus 71 (EV71) only; reagents for the others, including CVA2 to -8, -10, -12, and -14 as well as EV76 and EV89 to -92, are not yet available (13). When clinical laboratories conduct preliminary enterovirus screening tests by employing commercial IFA kits, many serotypes not yet covered by the reagents are reported as untypeable nonpolio enteroviruses (NPEV). An earlier study by Bastis et al. (1) showed that although commercial IFA reagents could identify more than half of the enterovirus isolates tested, a high percentage of isolates were nevertheless being reported as untypeable NPEV. In our virology laboratory network, CDC Taiwan used commercial IFA technology for it...

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confidence: 99%

“…Clinical laboratories use one of two available diagnostic technologies for enterovirus serotyping: traditional and molecular (4,8). The traditional method requires reference antisera and relies on virus culture and neutralization tests (5,9) but is often laborious and time-consuming.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid and Highly Sensitive Coxsackievirus A Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay Typing Kit for Enterovirus Serotyping

Lin

Huang

et al. 2008

J Clin Microbiol

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“…Major outbreaks of EV71 have been documented in 17 countries, and the disease can cause a pandemic condition; therefore, vigorous surveillance and additional preventive measures are necessary [3][4]. Enteroviral infection has been frequently observed in children presenting with a broad range of clinical manifestations [5][6][7][8][9]. Most of the patients are asymptomatic or have minor symptoms such as undifferentiated febrile illness, rashes, and gastroenteritis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Serious diseases include hand, foot, and mouth disease, herpangina, aseptic meningitis, neonatal sepsis, and myocarditis. Enterovirus infects all age groups, but the chances of infection for children are much higher than for adults [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is over-reporting a problem in mandatory communicable disease reporting? The taiwanese experience on Enterovirus 71

Chu-Chun

Yang

2014

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: In Taiwan, severe enteroviral infections must be reported to the government within 24 hours to ensure that severe enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections can be detected early. The objective of this research was to ascertain whether over-reporting is a problem in mandatory disease-reporting systems. Methodology: A multiyear cross-sectional study methodology was applied based on secondary data analyses. Data from the national notifiable communicable disease surveillance system of Taiwan Centers for Disease Control were analyzed to assess the trends and factors influencing reporting accuracy. Results: From July 1999 to December 2008, 2,611 cases of severe enteroviral infection were reported in Taiwan. Among these cases, 1,516 were confirmed to be EV71 cases, and the remaining 1,095 were confirmed to be non-EV71 infections. The overall accuracy rate was 58%. The accuracy rate was 60%-70% higher during epidemics (2000-2002, 2005, and 2008) and high seasons than it was in other seasons. The accuracy rate was highest among medical centers and lowest among district hospitals. Conclusions: The results indicated that reports are more accurate during high seasons and peak years than during other periods. This might be attributable to the adequate level of specific educational programs for professionals when more cases occur, which could facilitate identification. Based on experiences in Taiwan, optimal training can ensure that surveillance systems are not inundated by false-positive reports.

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“…Ref. 6), and that frogs and fish, (7) rats, (8) hamsters, (9) and monkeys, cattle, pigs and mice (10) can be included among the lower animals. There is a hint in some of this inconsistency that the archaic view that all other species are`lower' than our own continues to find expression in the scientific literature.…”

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Historical baggage in biology: the case of ‘higher’ and ‘lower’ species

Mogie

2000

Bioessays

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My Role in the Discovery and Classification of the Enteroviruses

Cited by 25 publications

References 87 publications

Rapid and Highly Sensitive Coxsackievirus A Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay Typing Kit for Enterovirus Serotyping

Rapid and Highly Sensitive Coxsackievirus A Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay Typing Kit for Enterovirus Serotyping

Is over-reporting a problem in mandatory communicable disease reporting? The taiwanese experience on Enterovirus 71

Historical baggage in biology: the case of ‘higher’ and ‘lower’ species

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