Mustard Gas Injuries to the Eyes

Acute inhalation toxicity of neutralized Chemical Agent Identification Sets (CAIS) containing agent in chloroform

“…14 Ocular effects (corneal opacity, corneal erosion) were exhibited in animals exposed to all concentrations of test article (wastestream) or to vehicle alone. The occurrence of corneal opacities and/or erosions is consistent with the known eye irritant effects elicited on exposure to chloroform and to t-butanol, and certainly with the severe eye damaging potential associated with severe irritants/vesicants such as HD or L [15][16][17] and their degradation products (e.g. HD sulfone, divinyl sulfone, L oxide, etc.).…”

Acute inhalation toxicity of neutralized Chemical Agent Identification Sets (CAIS) containing agent in chloroform

“…14 Ocular effects (corneal opacity, corneal erosion) were exhibited in animals exposed to all concentrations of test article (wastestream) or to vehicle alone. The occurrence of corneal opacities and/or erosions is consistent with the known eye irritant effects elicited on exposure to chloroform and to t-butanol, and certainly with the severe eye damaging potential associated with severe irritants/vesicants such as HD or L [15][16][17] and their degradation products (e.g. HD sulfone, divinyl sulfone, L oxide, etc.).…”

Microbiological Evaluation of Chronic Blepharitis Among Iranian Veterans Exposed to Mustard Gas: A Case-Controlled Study

“…2,14 This striking susceptibility of the eye is attributed to the affinity of the mustard gas to the lipid layer of the tear film and the rapid turnover of corneal epithelial cells. 2,6,14 Ocular manifestations are classified into acute, chronic, and delayed onset stages. 2 Delayed onset ocular manifestations include blepharoconjunctival, limbal, and corneal involvement.…”

“…2,6,14 Ocular manifestations are classified into acute, chronic, and delayed onset stages. 2 Delayed onset ocular manifestations include blepharoconjunctival, limbal, and corneal involvement. Chronic blepharitis is a common complication among mustard gas-exposed patients.…”

Delayed ocular complications of mustard gas poisoning and the relationship with respiratory and cutaneous complications

“…Unlike early ocular complications, a kind of delayed ulcerative keratopathy, may develop in severely poisoned patients, leading to permanent residual effects. This usually starts with a sudden onset of photophobia, tearing, and decreasing vision after a long latent asymptomatic period 16–18 . The maximum incidence usually occurs 15–20 years after the initial injury, 19 but latency periods as long as 40 years 9,10 and as short as 1 year 12 has also been reported.…”

“…Another hypothesis suggests that SM reacts with and alters corneal proteins, resulting in collagen‐mustard compounds that encourage autoimmune reactions against the cornea 10,18 . In a study of 48 SM‐injured Iranian veterans with delayed keratitis, Javadi et al.…”

Acute inhalation toxicity of neutralized Chemical Agent Identification Sets (CAIS) containing agent in chloroform

“…14 Ocular effects (corneal opacity, corneal erosion) were exhibited in animals exposed to all concentrations of test article (wastestream) or to vehicle alone. The occurrence of corneal opacities and/or erosions is consistent with the known eye irritant effects elicited on exposure to chloroform and to t-butanol, and certainly with the severe eye damaging potential associated with severe irritants/vesicants such as HD or L [15][16][17] and their degradation products (e.g. HD sulfone, divinyl sulfone, L oxide, etc.).…”

Microbiological Evaluation of Chronic Blepharitis Among Iranian Veterans Exposed to Mustard Gas: A Case-Controlled Study

“…2,14 This striking susceptibility of the eye is attributed to the affinity of the mustard gas to the lipid layer of the tear film and the rapid turnover of corneal epithelial cells. 2,6,14 Ocular manifestations are classified into acute, chronic, and delayed onset stages. 2 Delayed onset ocular manifestations include blepharoconjunctival, limbal, and corneal involvement.…”

“…2,6,14 Ocular manifestations are classified into acute, chronic, and delayed onset stages. 2 Delayed onset ocular manifestations include blepharoconjunctival, limbal, and corneal involvement. Chronic blepharitis is a common complication among mustard gas-exposed patients.…”

Delayed ocular complications of mustard gas poisoning and the relationship with respiratory and cutaneous complications

“…Unlike early ocular complications, a kind of delayed ulcerative keratopathy, may develop in severely poisoned patients, leading to permanent residual effects. This usually starts with a sudden onset of photophobia, tearing, and decreasing vision after a long latent asymptomatic period 16–18 . The maximum incidence usually occurs 15–20 years after the initial injury, 19 but latency periods as long as 40 years 9,10 and as short as 1 year 12 has also been reported.…”

“…Another hypothesis suggests that SM reacts with and alters corneal proteins, resulting in collagen‐mustard compounds that encourage autoimmune reactions against the cornea 10,18 . In a study of 48 SM‐injured Iranian veterans with delayed keratitis, Javadi et al.…”

Acute inhalation toxicity of neutralized Chemical Agent Identification Sets (CAIS) containing agent in chloroform

“…14 Ocular effects (corneal opacity, corneal erosion) were exhibited in animals exposed to all concentrations of test article (wastestream) or to vehicle alone. The occurrence of corneal opacities and/or erosions is consistent with the known eye irritant effects elicited on exposure to chloroform and to t-butanol, and certainly with the severe eye damaging potential associated with severe irritants/vesicants such as HD or L [15][16][17] and their degradation products (e.g. HD sulfone, divinyl sulfone, L oxide, etc.).…”

Microbiological Evaluation of Chronic Blepharitis Among Iranian Veterans Exposed to Mustard Gas: A Case-Controlled Study

“…2,14 This striking susceptibility of the eye is attributed to the affinity of the mustard gas to the lipid layer of the tear film and the rapid turnover of corneal epithelial cells. 2,6,14 Ocular manifestations are classified into acute, chronic, and delayed onset stages. 2 Delayed onset ocular manifestations include blepharoconjunctival, limbal, and corneal involvement.…”

“…2,6,14 Ocular manifestations are classified into acute, chronic, and delayed onset stages. 2 Delayed onset ocular manifestations include blepharoconjunctival, limbal, and corneal involvement. Chronic blepharitis is a common complication among mustard gas-exposed patients.…”

Delayed ocular complications of mustard gas poisoning and the relationship with respiratory and cutaneous complications

“…Unlike early ocular complications, a kind of delayed ulcerative keratopathy, may develop in severely poisoned patients, leading to permanent residual effects. This usually starts with a sudden onset of photophobia, tearing, and decreasing vision after a long latent asymptomatic period 16–18 . The maximum incidence usually occurs 15–20 years after the initial injury, 19 but latency periods as long as 40 years 9,10 and as short as 1 year 12 has also been reported.…”

“…Another hypothesis suggests that SM reacts with and alters corneal proteins, resulting in collagen‐mustard compounds that encourage autoimmune reactions against the cornea 10,18 . In a study of 48 SM‐injured Iranian veterans with delayed keratitis, Javadi et al.…”