Musculoskeletal Deficits and Cognitive Impairment: Epidemiological Evidence and Biological Mechanisms

Abstract

Purpose of Review Cognitive impairment is associated with obesity, sarcopenia, and osteoporosis. However, no critical appraisal of the literature on the relationship between musculoskeletal deficits and cognitive impairment, focusing on the epidemiological evidence and biological mechanisms, has been published to date. Herein, we critically evaluate the literature published over the past 3 years, emphasizing interesting and important new findings, and provide an outline of future directions that will improve our understanding of the connections between the brain and the musculoskeletal system. Recent Findings Recent literature suggests that musculoskeletal deficits and cognitive impairment share pathophysiological pathways and risk factors. Cytokines and hormones affect both the brain and the musculoskeletal system; yet, lack of unified definitions and standards makes it difficult to compare studies. Summary Interventions designed to improve musculoskeletal health are plausible means of preventing or slowing cognitive impairment. We highlight several musculoskeletal health interventions that show potential in this regard.

The associations of osteoporosis and possible sarcopenia with disability, nutrition, and cognition in community-dwelling older adults

“…Besides, it was worthwhile to consider the other limitations in our study, such as sample size, the method to measure sarcopenia, and the selected cutoff values for ADL disability. On the contrary, previous reports as well as ours showed a closer bidirectional relationship between musculoskeletal health and cognitive function [40], although the exact causal relationship remained to be elucidated. In our study, the possible osteosarcopenia group showed poorer GDS-5 scores, although there was no significant difference in depressive mood.…”

Understanding exogenous factors and biological mechanisms for cognitive frailty: a multidisciplinary scoping review

“…Four reviews examined the link between musculoskeletal processes and cognitive function. Sui et al (2022) reviewed research linking musculoskeletal activity/inactivity and cognition, suggesting an important role for factors (BDNF, myokines and osteokines) released during physical activity in prevention of cognitive decline. In contrast, muscle loss, weakness and frailty are associated with increased inflammation and impaired neuroplasticity in the brain, leading to CI.…”

Association of temporomandibular disorders and reduced masticatory function with dementia in elderly

“…6 Masticatory muscle loss and weakness are associated with systemic and central inflammation, leading to impaired synaptic neuroplasticity and cognitive impairment. 7 Neurotrophins are responsible for the development, maintenance, and regeneration of both the central and peripheral nervous systems in the synapses of the brain, and some of them are released during skeletal muscle contraction. 8 Furthermore, mastication activates various cortical regions of the brain, and increased cerebral blood oxygenation levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex aid learning and memory processes.…”