Multiseeded Multimode Formation of Embedded Clusters in the Rosette Molecular Complex: Structured Star Formation toward the Southeastern Boundary

Li, J. Z.; Smith, Michael D.

doi:10.1086/497291

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This distribution is compared to the distribution of separations of a random field of stars with the same average stellar density N r ( ); the correlation function is N /N r À 1. The maximum value of the correlation function is comparable to peak values of 0.5, 1.5, 6, and 15 in subclusters in the Rosette Molecular Cloud (Li & Smith 2005), reflecting the strong degree of clustering. The correlation function is only roughly consistent with a power law (Fig.…”

Section: Clusteringmentioning

confidence: 72%

Embedded Star Formation in the Eagle Nebula withSpitzerGLIMPSE

Indebetouw

Robitaille

Whitney

et al. 2007

ApJ

104

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We present new Spitzer photometry of the Eagle Nebula (M16, containing the optical cluster NGC 6611) combined with near-infrared photometry from 2MASS. We use dust radiative transfer models, mid-infrared and near-infrared color-color analysis, and mid-infrared spectral indices to analyze point-source spectral energy distributions, select candidate YSOs, and constrain their mass and evolutionary state. Comparison of the different protostellar selection methods shows that mid-infrared methods are consistent, but as has been known for some time, near-infrared-only analysis misses some young objects. We reveal more than 400 protostellar candidates, including one massive YSO that has not been previously highlighted. The YSO distribution supports a picture of distributed low-level star formation, with no strong evidence of triggered star formation in the ''pillars.'' We confirm the youth of NGC 6611 by a large fraction of infrared excess sources and reveal a younger cluster of YSOs in the nearby molecular cloud. Analysis of the YSO clustering properties shows a possible imprint of the molecular cloud's Jeans length. Multiwavelength mid-IR imaging thus allows us to analyze the protostellar population, to measure the dust temperature and column density, and to relate these in a consistent picture of star formation in M16.

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Section: Clusteringmentioning

confidence: 72%

Embedded Star Formation in the Eagle Nebula withSpitzerGLIMPSE

Indebetouw

Robitaille

Whitney

et al. 2007

ApJ

104

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“…The nearest neighbour distribution is defined as the frequency distribution of angular separations of each IR excess source to its nearest neighbour. This distribution emphasizes any fragmentation scale or scale associated with gravitational confinement (Li & Smith 2005c). The log of the separation from each IR excess source to its nearest neighbour was computed and then binned to construct the histogram in Fig.…”

Section: Nearest Neighbour Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Spitzer survey of young stellar objects in the Rosette Molecular Cloud

Poulton

Robitaille

Greaves

et al. 2008

Monthly Notices RAS

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We present results from a survey of the Rosette Molecular Cloud (RMC) using both the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) and Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS) onboard the Spitzer Space Telescope. We have mapped a region of active star formation covering an area approximately 1° by 1.5° including several previously known clusters. Spectral energy distributions (SEDs) fitted to our data combined with that from Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) are used to identify young stellar objects (YSOs) with infrared (IR) excesses. We find that roughly 50 per cent of the sources are forming in clustered environments and identify seven clusters of IR excess sources including four that were previously unknown. We investigate evidence for triggering of star formation due to the ionization front, identified in Brackett‐α emission, associated with the young open cluster NGC 2244. Although the position of several of the clusters of IR excess sources are coincident with the ionization front, the bulk of the youngest YSOs are located far from the ionization front, in clusters located along the mid‐plane of the cloud. We conclude that although triggering from the H ii nebula is a possible origin for some of the recent star formation, the majority of the active star formation is occurring in already dense regions of the cloud not compressed by the expansion of the H ii region.

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“…We instead wish to explore whether a simplified set of assumptions can reproduce a structure such as that found so uncomfortable by Bruhweiler et al (2010). The idea of sheet-like configurations has been present in the literature for some considerable time, since at least the seminal work of Larson (1981), with, for example, Li & Smith (2005) recently proposing sheet-like structures based on the gravoturbulent model of molecular cloud formation. More recently, we have achieved molecular sheetlike cloud structures through magnetohydrodynamical simulations of thermally unstable diffuse clouds (Wareing et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new mechanical stellar wind feedback model for the Rosette Nebula

Wareing

Pittard

Wright

et al. 2018

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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The famous Rosette Nebula has an evacuated central cavity formed from the stellar winds ejected from the 2-6 Myr old codistant and comoving central star cluster NGC 2244. However, with upper age estimates of less than 110 000 yr, the central cavity is too young compared to NGC 2244 and existing models do not reproduce its properties. A new proper motion study herein using Gaia data reveals the ejection of the most massive star in the Rosette, HD 46223, from NGC 2244 occurred 1.73 (+0.34, −0.25) Myr (1σ uncertainty) in the past. Assuming this ejection was at the birth of the most massive stars in NGC 2244, including the dominant centrally positioned HD 46150, the age is set for the famous ionized region at more than 10 times that derived for the cavity. Here, we are able to reproduce the structure of the Rosette Nebula, through simulation of mechanical stellar feedback from a 40 M star in a thin sheet-like molecular cloud. We form the 135 000 M cloud from thermally unstable diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) under the influence of a realistic background magnetic field with thermal/magnetic pressure equilibrium. Properties derived from a snapshot of the simulation at 1.5 Myr, including cavity size, stellar age, magnetic field, and resulting inclination to the line of sight, match those derived from observations. An elegant explanation is thus provided for the stark contrast in age estimates based on realistic diffuse ISM properties, molecular cloud formation and stellar wind feedback.

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Multiseeded Multimode Formation of Embedded Clusters in the Rosette Molecular Complex: Structured Star Formation toward the Southeastern Boundary

Cited by 7 publications

References 21 publications

Embedded Star Formation in the Eagle Nebula withSpitzerGLIMPSE

Embedded Star Formation in the Eagle Nebula withSpitzerGLIMPSE

A Spitzer survey of young stellar objects in the Rosette Molecular Cloud

A new mechanical stellar wind feedback model for the Rosette Nebula

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