Multiplicity of Representation Versus Punctate Localization in the Motor Cortex

Cortical tongue area studied by chronically implanted subdural electrodes—with special reference to parietal motor and frontal sensory responses

“…Although it was described in studies using a finer micro unit recording (Dreyer et al, 1975~ Strick andPreston, 1979), this concept may also be applied to our observations obtained with grid brain mapping. These obser vations are supported by similar brain-mapping studies carried out by others (Murphy and Gellhorn, 1945).…”

Cortical tongue area studied by chronically implanted subdural electrodes—with special reference to parietal motor and frontal sensory responses

“…Although it was described in studies using a finer micro unit recording (Dreyer et al, 1975~ Strick andPreston, 1979), this concept may also be applied to our observations obtained with grid brain mapping. These obser vations are supported by similar brain-mapping studies carried out by others (Murphy and Gellhorn, 1945).…”

Muscles or Movements? Representation in the Nascent Brain Sciences

“…Soon, advances in electromyography (EMG) permitted the direct measurement of muscular responses to stimulation. Using above-threshold stimulation plus EMG, Bosma and Gellhorn (1947) confirmed the findings of Murphy and Gellhorn (1945): "a considerable number of muscles of one extremity is activated from a single cortical focus" (Bosma and Gellhorn 1947, p. 140).…”

“…Even if stimulation at a point elicits a small movement, there may be additional movements represented there. In the 1940s, clinical neurologists went on the offensive against the standardized stimulation protocol (Walshe 1943, Murphy and Gellhorn 1945, Clark 1948). In addition to using "minimal" (i.e., at-threshold) stimuli, researchers standardly employed a number of methods for isolating cortical responses, including waiting several minutes between stimuli and drying the cortical surface.…”

Overlapping areas in the motor cortex of the baboon

“…In stimulation experiments Murphy & Gellhorn (1945) observed a wide overlap of representation in rabbit, cat and monkey under conditions of primary facilitation, but were surprised to find that proximal movements were evoked at least as widely, and even more widely than distal movements. Clark & Ward (1948) were also surprised to find that near-threshold stimulation excited distal segments less often than proximal.…”

Cortical tongue area studied by chronically implanted subdural electrodes—with special reference to parietal motor and frontal sensory responses

“…Although it was described in studies using a finer micro unit recording (Dreyer et al, 1975~ Strick andPreston, 1979), this concept may also be applied to our observations obtained with grid brain mapping. These obser vations are supported by similar brain-mapping studies carried out by others (Murphy and Gellhorn, 1945).…”

Muscles or Movements? Representation in the Nascent Brain Sciences

“…Soon, advances in electromyography (EMG) permitted the direct measurement of muscular responses to stimulation. Using above-threshold stimulation plus EMG, Bosma and Gellhorn (1947) confirmed the findings of Murphy and Gellhorn (1945): "a considerable number of muscles of one extremity is activated from a single cortical focus" (Bosma and Gellhorn 1947, p. 140).…”

“…Even if stimulation at a point elicits a small movement, there may be additional movements represented there. In the 1940s, clinical neurologists went on the offensive against the standardized stimulation protocol (Walshe 1943, Murphy and Gellhorn 1945, Clark 1948). In addition to using "minimal" (i.e., at-threshold) stimuli, researchers standardly employed a number of methods for isolating cortical responses, including waiting several minutes between stimuli and drying the cortical surface.…”

Overlapping areas in the motor cortex of the baboon

“…In stimulation experiments Murphy & Gellhorn (1945) observed a wide overlap of representation in rabbit, cat and monkey under conditions of primary facilitation, but were surprised to find that proximal movements were evoked at least as widely, and even more widely than distal movements. Clark & Ward (1948) were also surprised to find that near-threshold stimulation excited distal segments less often than proximal.…”

Cortical tongue area studied by chronically implanted subdural electrodes—with special reference to parietal motor and frontal sensory responses

“…Although it was described in studies using a finer micro unit recording (Dreyer et al, 1975~ Strick andPreston, 1979), this concept may also be applied to our observations obtained with grid brain mapping. These obser vations are supported by similar brain-mapping studies carried out by others (Murphy and Gellhorn, 1945).…”

Muscles or Movements? Representation in the Nascent Brain Sciences

“…Soon, advances in electromyography (EMG) permitted the direct measurement of muscular responses to stimulation. Using above-threshold stimulation plus EMG, Bosma and Gellhorn (1947) confirmed the findings of Murphy and Gellhorn (1945): "a considerable number of muscles of one extremity is activated from a single cortical focus" (Bosma and Gellhorn 1947, p. 140).…”

“…Even if stimulation at a point elicits a small movement, there may be additional movements represented there. In the 1940s, clinical neurologists went on the offensive against the standardized stimulation protocol (Walshe 1943, Murphy and Gellhorn 1945, Clark 1948). In addition to using "minimal" (i.e., at-threshold) stimuli, researchers standardly employed a number of methods for isolating cortical responses, including waiting several minutes between stimuli and drying the cortical surface.…”

Overlapping areas in the motor cortex of the baboon

“…In stimulation experiments Murphy & Gellhorn (1945) observed a wide overlap of representation in rabbit, cat and monkey under conditions of primary facilitation, but were surprised to find that proximal movements were evoked at least as widely, and even more widely than distal movements. Clark & Ward (1948) were also surprised to find that near-threshold stimulation excited distal segments less often than proximal.…”