Multiple Scattering in Rain and Fog on Free-Space Optical Links

Grábner, Martin; Kviçera, Václav

doi:10.1109/jlt.2013.2294356

Cited by 106 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The transmittance is then a function of these beam parameters and the radius of the receiving aperture. The fluctuations of the relative permittivity of the atmospheric air can be statistically modeled [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. The probability distribution of the parameters in equation (2) can then be analytically estimated, as shown in [21,22].…”

Section: Free-space Optical Links and The Elliptic Beam Approximationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Satellite-based links for quantum key distribution: beam effects and weather dependence

2019

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The establishment of a world-wide quantum communication network relies on the synergistic integration of satellite-based links and fiber-based networks. The first are helpful for long-distance communication, as the photon losses introduced by the optical fibers are too detrimental for lengths greater than about 200 km. This work aims at giving, on the one hand, a comprehensive and fundamental model for the losses suffered by the quantum signals during the propagation along an atmospheric free-space link. On the other hand, a performance analysis of different quantum key distribution (QKD) implementations is performed, including finite-key effects, focusing on different interesting practical scenarios. The specific approach that we chose allows to precisely model the contribution due to different weather conditions, paving the way towards more accurate feasibility studies of satellite-based QKD missions. IntroductionQuantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum communication in general have the potential to revolutionise the way we communicate confidential information over the internet. The natural carriers for quantum information are photons, that are already widely used in classical networks of optical fibers to achieve high communication rates. Unfortunately, even though enormous improvements have been obtained in the last years [1, 2], scaling quantum communication protocols over long distances is very challenging, due to the losses experienced during the propagation inside the optical fibers. Several schemes for the realization of quantum repeaters have been proposed in recent years, that could allow to bridge long distances and naturally be implemented inside a quantum communication network [3][4][5][6][7]. Considering the important technological hurdles that quantum repeaters should overcome before becoming useful, satellite-based free-space links look like the most practical way to achieve long-distance QKD in the short term [8]. They can take advantage of the satellite technology and the optical communication methods developed in the last decades in the classical case. Various feasibility studies had addressed this topic in the last twenty years [8][9][10][11] and several experiments have definitely proved that the technology involved is ready for deployment [12][13][14][15][16].Optical satellite-based links have the important drawback of being strongly dependent on the weather conditions [17][18][19][20]. The presence of turbulent eddies and scattering particles like haze or fog generates random fluctuations of the relative permittivity of the air, on different length-and time-scales. This phenomenon affects the light propagation in a complicated way, inducing random deviations and deformations of any optical beam sent through the atmosphere. It results in reduced transmittance, because of geometrical losses due to the finite collection aperture, and random modifications of the phase front. A comprehensive model of these effects is then necessary, in order to precisely evaluate the performance of the link w...

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Section: Free-space Optical Links and The Elliptic Beam Approximationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Satellite-based links for quantum key distribution: beam effects and weather dependence

2019

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“…Despite the major advantages of FSO technology and variety of its application areas, its widespread use is restricted by its low link reliability particularly in long ranges due to atmospheric turbulence-induced fading and sensitivity to weather conditions. However, the channel delay spread as a result of beam scattering due to fog or rain is shown as insignificant by Grabner and Kvicera (2014), who used Monte Carlo simulations to quantify delay spread.…”

Section: Review Of Monte Carlo Simulation Application In Optical Netwmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Optical Access Network Bandwidth Demand Using Monte Carlo Simulation

Mikavica¹,

Radojicic²,

Kostic-Ljubisavljevic³

2015

IJTTE

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Continuous forecast of bandwidth demand in order to achieve a proper network planning and dimensioning is one of the key challenges that network operators need to deal with. The importance of this issue is highlighted with the necessity of proper decision making regarding capital investments and the permanent increase in traffic volume. Under-investing in network resources lead to low network performances and hence dissatisfied customers, while over-investing may cause over-dimensioned capacities which leads to lower resource utilization and opportunity losses. In that perspective, it is essential to determine whether current network capacities satisfy bandwidth requirements. If it does, determining relevant time period is of great significance. As the bandwidth demand increases by the development of new services, the existing broadband networks need to be upgraded. The growing bottleneck can be solved rolling out optical access network. These networks are characterized by greater bandwidth supply enhancement compared to bandwidth demand. That fact emphasizes the need of appropriate bandwidth forecast. This paper presents model for in optical access networks future bandwidth demand and network resource utilisation estimation. In order to appropriately address valid demand of all households in a given area, Monte Carlo simulation is applied.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6] Other studies have examined the effect of wavelength on light penetration through dispersive media. [7][8][9] Simulations have been utilized to examine foundational aspects of photon propagation through scattering media, [10][11][12][13][14] but these studies often assume model parameters such as monodispersed droplet size and homogeneous atmospheric conditions. 1,15 Validating models and measuring performance degradations typically involve field testing within naturally occurring fog.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Image quality, meteorological optical range, and fog particulate number evaluation using the Sandia National Laboratories fog chamber

et al. 2017

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Abstract. The evaluation of optical system performance in fog conditions typically requires field testing. This can be challenging due to the unpredictable nature of fog generation and the temporal and spatial nonuniformity of the phenomenon itself. We describe the Sandia National Laboratories fog chamber, a new test facility that enables the repeatable generation of fog within a 55 m × 3 m × 3 m (L × W × H) environment, and demonstrate the fog chamber through a series of optical tests. These tests are performed to evaluate system image quality, determine meteorological optical range (MOR), and measure the number of particles in the atmosphere. Relationships between typical optical quality metrics, MOR values, and total number of fog particles are described using the data obtained from the fog chamber and repeated over a series of three tests. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

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Multiple Scattering in Rain and Fog on Free-Space Optical Links

Cited by 106 publications

References 23 publications

Satellite-based links for quantum key distribution: beam effects and weather dependence

Satellite-based links for quantum key distribution: beam effects and weather dependence

Estimation of Optical Access Network Bandwidth Demand Using Monte Carlo Simulation

Image quality, meteorological optical range, and fog particulate number evaluation using the Sandia National Laboratories fog chamber

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