“…However, in recent decades, human activities such as rapid urbanization, industrialization and agriculture has discharged multiple anthropogenic contaminants and non-native (exotic) microorganisms into the river through industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and municipal sewage (Wang et al 2012, Beattie et al 2020). These contaminants can be either organic (e.g., antibiotics, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, fertilizers, pesticides, manure) (Singh et al 2019, Patel et al 2020, Liu et al 2023, Xu et al 2023) or inorganic contaminants (e.g., nitrate, phosphorus, heavy metal) (Pruden et al 2012, Manyi-Loh et al 2016, Yang et al 2022). At the same time, river sediments often act as the recipients of reservoirs for contaminants influenced by human activity inputs.…”