Multimodal visual exploration disturbances in Parkinson’s disease detected with an infrared eye-movement assessment system

A novel tablet-based software for the acquisition and analysis of gaze and eye movement parameters: a preliminary validation study in Parkinson’s disease

“…With regards to anti-saccade parameters, although several studies report a reduced proportion of correct initial direction (or an increase in error rate) in PD patients (Nagai et al, 2020, Terao et al, 2019Waldthaler et al, 2019;Barbaso et al, 2019;Ouerfelli-Ethier et al, 2018;Gorges et al, 2017), several other studies found no such difference (Pagonabarraga et al, 2021;Ewenczyk et al, 2017;Visser et al 2019). Aligned with this discrepancy, our findings landed somewhat in the middle, with the group difference lying just above the statistical significance threshold.…”

“…Aligned with this discrepancy, our findings landed somewhat in the middle, with the group difference lying just above the statistical significance threshold. Similarly, while several studies have identified slower latencies for correct (Nagai et al, 2020, Terao et al, 2019Ewenczyk et al, 2017), others found no group differences (Ouerfelli-Ethier et al, 2018;Gorges et al, 2017;Barbaso et al, 2019).…”

“…Pro-saccades have been more extensively studied in PD than measures of fixation instability. Findings regarding saccade latency have been mixed to date, with several studies finding either no differences between PD patients and controls (Gitchel et al, 2012;Blekher et al, 2009, Perkins et al, 2021Nagai et al, 2020), shorter latencies in PD (Zhou et al, 2021) and longer latencies in PD (Zhang et al, 2021;Wu et al 2020;Waldthaler et al, 2019). It's unclear why this discrepancy across studies exists, but it may have to do with the type of eye-tracking technology used; the majority of the studies cited above that found either no difference or shorter latencies in PD used infrared eye-trackers from manufacturers such as Eyelink and Tobii, whereas the majority of studies cited above finding increased latencies used devices from other manufacturers such as Micromedical Technologies and Interacoustics, and EyeBrain.…”

Antisaccades in Parkinson’s Disease: A Meta-Analysis

“…While some studies demonstrated increased antisaccade error rates even in unmedicated patients in very early disease stages (Antoniades et al, 2015a;Hanuška et al 2019), others found no significant alterations of antisaccade latency or antisaccade error rate early and later in the disease course. (Ranchet et al, 2017;Nagai et al, 2019) As proposed by two recent studies (Lu et al, 2019;Waldthaler et al, 2019a), antisaccade latency might correlate with disease duration in PD without significant impact of dopaminergic medication.…”

“…CI confidence interval, HC healthy control group, PD group with Parkinson's disease, (m) mixed task design with prosaccades and antisaccades, SD standard deviation, Std. standardized ◂ (Briand et al, 1999), B14 (Bonnet et al, 2014b), B19 (Barbosa et al, 2019), C12 (Cameron et al, 2012), C00 (Crevits et al, 2000), E17 (Ewenczyk et al, 2017), G16 (Gorges et al, 2016), H10 (Harsay et al, 2010), H19 (Hanuška et al, 2019), L19 (Lu et al, 2019), L90 (Lueck et al, 1990), L16 (Lemos et al, 2016), M05 (Mosimann et al, 2005), N16 (Nemanich & Earhart, 2016), N19 (Nagai et al, 2019), R17 (Ranchet et al, 2017), RP15 (Rivaud-Péchoux et al, 2007), V19 (Visser et al, 2019), vK09 (van Koningsbruggen et al, 2009, W15 (Walton et al, 2015), W16 (Wang et al, 2016), W19 (Waldthaler et al, 2019a)…”