Multilevel societies

Grueter, Cyril C.; Xin, Qi; Li, Baoguo; Li, Ming

doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.063

Cited by 50 publications

(61 citation statements)

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“…In some species, fission and fusion occurs predictably along certain social boundaries. These species are said to live in multi-level (or modular) societies, which are complex social systems made up of basic social units (hereafter referred to as core units) that fission and fuse with one another in a hierarchical manner 9–10 . Core units are socially and often spatially distinct, with direct social interactions occurring most frequently between individuals in the same core unit 9 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These species are said to live in multi-level (or modular) societies, which are complex social systems made up of basic social units (hereafter referred to as core units) that fission and fuse with one another in a hierarchical manner 9–10 . Core units are socially and often spatially distinct, with direct social interactions occurring most frequently between individuals in the same core unit 9 . This hierarchy of social and spatial association can extend to multiple tiers, with more complex systems showing up to four tiers of non-random association (e.g., geladas 11 , hamadryas baboons 12 , elephants 13 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A multi-level society comprised of one-male and multi-male core units in an African colobine (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii)

Stead

Teichroeb

2019

Preprint

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A few mammalian species exhibit complex, nested social organizations, termed multi-level societies. Among nonhuman primates, multi-level societies have been confirmed in several African papionin and Asian colobine species. Using data on individually-recognized Rwenzori Angolan colobus at Lake Nabugabo, Uganda, we document the first multi-level society in an African colobine. The study band comprised up to 135 individuals living in 12 socially and spatially distinct core units that ranged in size from 4 to 23 individuals. These core units shared a home range, and fissioned and fused throughout the day. Using the association indices between core units, we employed hierarchical cluster analyses and permutation tests to show that some core units clustered into clans. Thus, we confirm three tiers of social organization for Rwenzori Angolan colobus: core unit, clan, and band. The social organization of this subspecies is unlike any reported previously in a nonhuman primate, with about half the core units containing a single adult male and the others containing multiple reproductive adult males. Preliminary data show males to transfer within the band and female to transfer outside of the band, which suggests that, like Hamadryas baboons, this subspecies could provide insight into the selective pressures underlying hominin social organization.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A multi-level society comprised of one-male and multi-male core units in an African colobine (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii)

Stead

Teichroeb

2019

Preprint

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“…This approach of extracting social structure and networks from spatiotemporal data streams has been used with individually tagged wild birds (Psorakis et al, 2012), and the temporal co‐occurrence of tagged reef sharks (Jacoby et al, 2016). Individuals that pass in close temporal proximity to one another are more likely to be associated in a biologically meaningful way (Grueter, Qi, Li, & Li, 2017; Krause et al, 2013). Individuals that pass along a branch within seconds of one another are more likely to be associated than those that are separated by minutes or hours, but time intervals between separate units can be less than a minute.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal association patterns in a supergroup of Rwenzori black‐and‐white colobus (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii) are consistent with a multilevel society

Miller

Uddin

Judge

et al. 2020

American J Primatol

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Primates display broad diversity in their social organization. The social groups of a few primate species are organized in a multilevel fashion, with large groups composed of multiple, core one-male units (OMUs). A characteristic of multilevel societies is that the higher levels can include hundreds of individuals. The Rwenzori black-and-white colobus (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii) in the montane forests of Rwanda form supergroups and have been suspected to exhibit multilevel social organization. Here we present the first data on the "anatomy" of a supergroup numbering 500+ individuals. We identified subgroups within the supergroup based on progression data, extracting the social network structure from the time-stamped spatiotemporal distribution of passing individuals identified to age-sex class, and selecting an optimal time window for each network using the two-step approach developed by Uddin, Choudhury, Farhad, and Rahman (2017). We detail the existence of core units-multi-male units (MMUs) with a mean of 1.7 adult males and 3.1 adult females, as well as OMUs, all-female units and bachelor units composed of adult and sub-adult males. More than two-thirds of units are MMUs. These grouping patterns conform to a multilevel society with predominantly multi-male core units, a social system that has recently also been described for a population of the same taxon in Uganda. Individual identification will be required to corroborate these interpretations. K E Y W O R D SColobus angolensis ruwenzorii, longitudinal social networks, multilevel societies, multi-male units, primates, Rwanda, social network analysis, spatiotemporal data streams

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“…Only a small number of primate species, including hamadryas baboons ( Papio hamadryas ), gelada baboons ( Theropithecus gelada ), and snub-nosed monkeys ( Rhinopithecus spp. ), are reported to live in MLS, within which one-male units (OMUs) travel, feed, and rest together to form a cohesive band ( Dunbar, 1988 ; Grüeter et al, 2017 ). In wild hamadryas baboons, most females show their acceptance of the intruding male following a takeover after a series of behavioral stages ( Swedell, 2000 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Female choice impacts residential male takeover in golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana)

et al. 2018

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In primate species with social systems consisting of one-male breeding units (OMUs), resident male takeover represents a major challenge to individual reproductive success and mating strategies. The golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) is characterized by large multilevel societies (MLS) comprised of several OMUs and all-male units (AMUs); however, the factors and mechanisms associated with resident male takeover, which offer important insight into primate reproduction and social strategies, are still poorly understood. Based on 5-year monitoring data from a free-ranging herd of golden monkeys from the Qinling Mountains in China, we categorized three phases of an OMU, that is, a rising phase, developing phase, and declining phase. The rising and declining phases were unstable periods in which male takeover in an OMU might occur. Factors causing takeover, such as leader male rank, fighting ability, reproduction rate, and affiliation (proximity, allogrooming), were analyzed for males and females and for different OMUs. Results indicated that the new resident male’s fighting ability was lower than that of the former resident male in 23 cases. After replacement, the rank order of the new resident male significantly declined. Females involved in a takeover increased their distance from the resident male and decreased mating frequency during the three months prior to takeover. Females with infants under one-year-old had a marked effect on the specific time of takeover occurrence. These results suggested that female choice was the main factor deciding whether a takeover attempt was successful. Furthermore, rather than male conflict, females more often initiated and affected takeover and outcome, implying that the social status and competitive ability of the males played lesser roles during takeover.

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Multilevel societies

Abstract: Grueter et al. introduce complex animal societies with different grouping levels.

Cited by 50 publications

References 5 publications

A multi-level society comprised of one-male and multi-male core units in an African colobine (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii)

A multi-level society comprised of one-male and multi-male core units in an African colobine (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii)

Spatiotemporal association patterns in a supergroup of Rwenzori black‐and‐white colobus (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii) are consistent with a multilevel society

Female choice impacts residential male takeover in golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana)

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