Multilevel Modelling of Country Effects: A Cautionary Tale

Bryan, Mark L.; Jenkins, Stephen P.

doi:10.1093/esr/jcv059

Cited by 655 publications

(564 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Given the small number of countries sampled in this study and differences in sample sizes across countries, as well as to account for the nested nature of the data, the logistic regressions were modeled with robust standard errors, which was deemed more preferable to conducting an explicit multilevel analysis (Bryan & Jenkins, 2016;Stegmueller, 2013). Stratified analyses were conducted in which the interaction terms indicated a significant interaction between country or sex with perceived norms in predicting personal cannabis use or attitudes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normative Perceptions of Cannabis Use Among European University Students: Associations of Perceived Peer Use and Peer Attitudes With Personal Use and Attitudes

Dempsey

McAlaney

Helmer

et al. 2016

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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ABSTRACT. Objective: Perceptions of peer behavior and attitudes exert considerable social pressure on young adults to use substances. This study investigated whether European students perceive their peers' cannabis use and approval of cannabis use to be higher than their own personal behaviors and attitudes, and whether estimations of peer use and attitudes are associated with personal use and attitudes. Method: University students (n = 4,131) from Belgium, Denmark, Germany, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Turkey, and the United Kingdom completed an online survey as part of the Social Norms Intervention for Polysubstance usE in students (SNIPE) Project, a feasibility study of a web-based normative feedback intervention for substance use. The survey assessed students' (a) personal substance use and attitudes and (b) perceptions of their peers' cannabis use (descriptive norms) and attitudes (injunctive norms). Results: Although most respondents (92%) did not personally use cannabis in the past 2 months, the majority of students thought that the majority of their peers were using cannabis and that their peers had more permissive attitudes toward cannabis than they did. When we controlled for students' age, sex, study year, and religious beliefs, perceived peer descriptive norms were associated with personal cannabis use (odds ratio [OR] = 1.42; 95% CI [1.22, 1.64]) and perceived injunctive norms were associated with personal attitudes toward cannabis use (OR = 1.46; 95% CI [1.09, 1.94]). Conclusions: European students appear to possess similar discrepancies between personal and perceived peer norms for cannabis use and attitudes as found in North American students. Interventions that address such discrepancies may be effective in reducing cannabis use. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 77, 740-748, 2016)

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normative Perceptions of Cannabis Use Among European University Students: Associations of Perceived Peer Use and Peer Attitudes With Personal Use and Attitudes

Dempsey

McAlaney

Helmer

et al. 2016

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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“…Also clustering and multilevel analysis are basically equivalent methods as has been shown in Monte Carlo simulations by Harden (2009). However, as has been demonstrated recently in Monte Carlo studies by Stegmueller (2013) and Bryan and Jenkins (2015), estimates of parameters and standard errors for the cluster-level variables can be seriously biased when the cluster size is small (e.g. below 30), while the individual-level effects are reliable.…”

Section: Euroskepticism Explained By Financial Expectationsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Euroskepticism, Income Inequality and Financial Expectations

Ritzen¹,

Wehner²,

Zimmermann

2015

The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis &Amp; Policy

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Before the Great Recession, the rising income inequality within the "old" European Union has been suggested as an important driver of the increase in Euroskepticism. We revisit this finding for the 27 EU member states from 2006 to 2011, introducing individual negative financial expectations as a further driving factor. We also distinguish between Western and Eastern European countries. In the period of Eastern EU enlargement after 2005, Euroskepticism increased by one third while income inequality on average remained stable.

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“…In order to account for the data's nested structure (individuals in countries), we follow Bryan and Jenkins (2015) and use a two-step method. Usually, multi-level modelling is applied for analysing the potential influence of country-level variables on individual-level outcomes.…”

Section: Estimation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the Association of Welfare State Expenditure, Non-profit Regimes and Charitable Giving

Pennerstorfer

Neumayr

2016

Voluntas

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This paper explores cross-country variations in charitable giving and investigates the association of welfare state policies with private philanthropy. Hypotheses are drawn from crowding-out theory and considerations about the influence of a country's mixed economy of welfare. We add to the on-going discussion concerning the crowding-out hypothesis with empirical evidence by looking at specific charitable subsectors people donate to across countries. Using Eurobarometer survey data that include 23 countries, we find no evidence for a crowding-out effect, but rather a crosswise crowding-in effect of private donations. Moreover, giving behaviour differs between non-profit regimes.Résumé Cet article explore les écarts qui existent, d'un pays à l'autre, entre les dons de charité et enquête sur l'association des politiques d'É tat relatives à l'assistance sociale à la philanthropie privée. Les hypothèses reposent sur la théorie d'éviction et des considérations portant sur l'influence d'une économie mixte d'un pays en matière d'assistance sociale. À la discussion courante sur l'hypothèse d'éviction, nous avons intégré des évidences empiriques en examinant des soussecteurs de bienfaisance précis auxquels les populations de divers pays contribuent. En utilisant les données du sondage Eurobaromètre portant sur 23 pays, nous Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article

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Multilevel Modelling of Country Effects: A Cautionary Tale

Cited by 655 publications

References 33 publications

Normative Perceptions of Cannabis Use Among European University Students: Associations of Perceived Peer Use and Peer Attitudes With Personal Use and Attitudes

Normative Perceptions of Cannabis Use Among European University Students: Associations of Perceived Peer Use and Peer Attitudes With Personal Use and Attitudes

Euroskepticism, Income Inequality and Financial Expectations

Examining the Association of Welfare State Expenditure, Non-profit Regimes and Charitable Giving

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