Multifocal Electroretinograms in Cases of Central Areolar Choroidal Dystrophy

Abstract

Although the atrophic area was ophthalmoscopically well demarcated in patients with CACD, the abnormality of retinal function extended beyond the borders of the ophthalmoscopic and angiographic lesions. The retinal dysfunction outside the atrophic areas suggests a centrifugal progression of the disease, and abnormal K2 and K1 with preserved K2/K1 ratio are consistent with a presynaptic mechanism for the retinal dysfunction in this disease.

First and second-order kernel multifocal electroretinography abnormalities in acute central serous chorioretinopathy

“…Therefore, more widespread retinal functional abnormalities could be detected in CSC patients by analyzing the secondorder kernel responses. The second-order mfERG component reflects the adaptive mechanisms of the retina and previous studies have shown that the second-order kernel component might be more severely affected compared with the first-order responses in some conditions associated with inner retinal dysfunction [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Another possible reason for the reduction in second-order kernels might be due to dysfunction of the outer plexiform layer and the middle retinal layers [26].…”

First and second-order kernel multifocal electroretinography abnormalities in acute central serous chorioretinopathy

“…Therefore, more widespread retinal functional abnormalities could be detected in CSC patients by analyzing the secondorder kernel responses. The second-order mfERG component reflects the adaptive mechanisms of the retina and previous studies have shown that the second-order kernel component might be more severely affected compared with the first-order responses in some conditions associated with inner retinal dysfunction [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Another possible reason for the reduction in second-order kernels might be due to dysfunction of the outer plexiform layer and the middle retinal layers [26].…”

The Clinical Applications of Multifocal Electroretinography: A Systematic Review

“…Nagasaka et al studied both the firstand second-order mfERG responses in patients with early CACD. 211 Patients were found to have reduced first-order amplitude in the atrophic areas as well as the clinically normal areas, suggesting more diffuse impairment of retinal function as compared with the morphological changes. Although second-order kernels responses were also severely reduced, the ratios of second-order to first-order kernel amplitudes were relatively normal in areas free of atrophic changes.…”

“…Several studies have evaluated the use of mfERG in patients with early and advanced stages of CACD. 60,87,129,211 Patients with advanced CACD were found to have significant reductions in P1 amplitudes in the central macula compared with controls. 60,87,129 mfERG allowed the documentation of localized retinal dysfunction that could not be detected by full-field ERG.…”

Clinical Ocular Electrophysiology

“…After several decades the pathognomonic zone of circumscript atrophy, affecting retina, retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris, develops in the macular region of the eye [31,32]. Although, most cases are sporadic, autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance patterns have been reported [33]. In a recent study, we have showed that mfERG responses were reduced corresponding to the areas of ophthalmoscopically visible lesion and there were significant correlations between foveal retinal sensitivity in the Humprey visual field and mfERG P1/N1 amplitudes (Figure 8) [34].…”

First and second-order kernel multifocal electroretinography abnormalities in acute central serous chorioretinopathy

“…Therefore, more widespread retinal functional abnormalities could be detected in CSC patients by analyzing the secondorder kernel responses. The second-order mfERG component reflects the adaptive mechanisms of the retina and previous studies have shown that the second-order kernel component might be more severely affected compared with the first-order responses in some conditions associated with inner retinal dysfunction [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Another possible reason for the reduction in second-order kernels might be due to dysfunction of the outer plexiform layer and the middle retinal layers [26].…”

The Clinical Applications of Multifocal Electroretinography: A Systematic Review

“…Nagasaka et al studied both the firstand second-order mfERG responses in patients with early CACD. 211 Patients were found to have reduced first-order amplitude in the atrophic areas as well as the clinically normal areas, suggesting more diffuse impairment of retinal function as compared with the morphological changes. Although second-order kernels responses were also severely reduced, the ratios of second-order to first-order kernel amplitudes were relatively normal in areas free of atrophic changes.…”

“…Several studies have evaluated the use of mfERG in patients with early and advanced stages of CACD. 60,87,129,211 Patients with advanced CACD were found to have significant reductions in P1 amplitudes in the central macula compared with controls. 60,87,129 mfERG allowed the documentation of localized retinal dysfunction that could not be detected by full-field ERG.…”

Clinical Ocular Electrophysiology

“…After several decades the pathognomonic zone of circumscript atrophy, affecting retina, retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris, develops in the macular region of the eye [31,32]. Although, most cases are sporadic, autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance patterns have been reported [33]. In a recent study, we have showed that mfERG responses were reduced corresponding to the areas of ophthalmoscopically visible lesion and there were significant correlations between foveal retinal sensitivity in the Humprey visual field and mfERG P1/N1 amplitudes (Figure 8) [34].…”

First and second-order kernel multifocal electroretinography abnormalities in acute central serous chorioretinopathy

“…Therefore, more widespread retinal functional abnormalities could be detected in CSC patients by analyzing the secondorder kernel responses. The second-order mfERG component reflects the adaptive mechanisms of the retina and previous studies have shown that the second-order kernel component might be more severely affected compared with the first-order responses in some conditions associated with inner retinal dysfunction [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Another possible reason for the reduction in second-order kernels might be due to dysfunction of the outer plexiform layer and the middle retinal layers [26].…”

The Clinical Applications of Multifocal Electroretinography: A Systematic Review

“…Nagasaka et al studied both the firstand second-order mfERG responses in patients with early CACD. 211 Patients were found to have reduced first-order amplitude in the atrophic areas as well as the clinically normal areas, suggesting more diffuse impairment of retinal function as compared with the morphological changes. Although second-order kernels responses were also severely reduced, the ratios of second-order to first-order kernel amplitudes were relatively normal in areas free of atrophic changes.…”

“…Several studies have evaluated the use of mfERG in patients with early and advanced stages of CACD. 60,87,129,211 Patients with advanced CACD were found to have significant reductions in P1 amplitudes in the central macula compared with controls. 60,87,129 mfERG allowed the documentation of localized retinal dysfunction that could not be detected by full-field ERG.…”

Clinical Ocular Electrophysiology

“…After several decades the pathognomonic zone of circumscript atrophy, affecting retina, retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris, develops in the macular region of the eye [31,32]. Although, most cases are sporadic, autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance patterns have been reported [33]. In a recent study, we have showed that mfERG responses were reduced corresponding to the areas of ophthalmoscopically visible lesion and there were significant correlations between foveal retinal sensitivity in the Humprey visual field and mfERG P1/N1 amplitudes (Figure 8) [34].…”