Multidrug Resistance: An Emerging Crisis

Abstract

The resistance among various microbial species (infectious agents) to different antimicrobial drugs has emerged as a cause of public health threat all over the world at a terrifying rate. Due to the pacing advent of new resistance mechanisms and decrease in efficiency of treating common infectious diseases, it results in failure of microbial response to standard treatment, leading to prolonged illness, higher expenditures for health care, and an immense risk of death. Almost all the capable infecting agents (e.g., bacteria, fungi, virus, and parasite) have employed high levels of multidrug resistance (MDR) with enhanced morbidity and mortality; thus, they are referred to as “super bugs.” Although the development of MDR is a natural phenomenon, the inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs, inadequate sanitary conditions, inappropriate food-handling, and poor infection prevention and control practices contribute to emergence of and encourage the further spread of MDR. Considering the significance of MDR, this paper, emphasizes the problems associated with MDR and the need to understand its significance and mechanisms to combat microbial infections.

Metal Complex Derivatives of Azole: a Study on Their Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities

“…Table 1 shows the elemental analysis, melting point, and ligand and complex colors. These results allowed us to propose the 1:1 (M:L) relative rate in the complexes (9-16) and their general form, M(L)(Cl) 2 . Complex (8) had a 2:1 (M:L) relative rate, resulting in an M(L) 2 (Cl) 2 type.…”

“…2 Fungal infections are also responsible for high rates of mortality and morbidity, primarily in immunosuppressed patients. 3 Besides providing resistance against some fungal and bacterial strains, a limited number of compounds are available for the treatment of fungal and bacterial infections.…”

Fluorinated Beta-diketo Phosphorus Ylides Are Novel Efflux Pump Inhibitors in Bacteria

“…Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a serious problem for the treatment of various diseases, such as bacterial and fungal infections and cancer, due to reduction or deficit response of microorganisms as well as cancer cells to applied chemotherapeutic agents (1,2).…”

Exploitation of Glycobiology in Anti-Adhesion Approaches against Biothreat Agents

“…A conventional antibiotic-based therapy for infectious diseases has led to the emergence of multidrug resistant pathogens [1]. The resistance phenomenon in pathogenic organisms has been associated with the overuse and misuse of antibiotics over the last few decades resulting in selective pressure on microbes to adapt and survive the presence of antibiotics.…”

“…Under such conditions, microbes acquire extra chromosomal elements from other microorganisms in the environment through a process referred to as horizontal gene transfer [2,3]. Similarly, use of strong chemical disinfectants and hygiene products is an additional risk factor, promoting mutations and making eradication procedures inefficient [1]. Many important antimicrobial drugs, including even the strongest antibiotics and chemicals, are no longer effective resulting in increased human fatality rates, global epidemic threats and accelerated healthcare costs.…”