Multidimensional Evolution of Carbon Structures Underpinned by Temperature‐Induced Intermediate of Chloride for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

Different dimensions of carbon materials with various features have captured numerous interests due to their applications on the tremendous fields. Restricted by the raw materials and devices, the controlling of their morphology is a major challenge. Utilizing the catalytic features of the intermediates from the low‐cost salts and polymerization of 0D carbon quantum dots (CQDs), 0D CQDs are expected to self‐assemble into 1/2/3D carbon structures with the assistance of temperature‐induced intermediates (e.g., ZnO, Ni, and Cu) from the salts (ZnCl2, NiCl2, and CuCl). The formation mechanisms are illustrated as follows: 1) the “orient induction” to evoke “vine style” growth mechanism of ZnO; 2) the “dissolution–precipitation” of Ni; and 3) the “surface adsorption self‐limited” of Cu. Subsequently, the degree of graphitization, interlayer distance, and special surface area are investigated in detail. 1D structure from 700 °C as anode displays a high Na‐storage capacity of 301.2 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 200 cycles and 107 mAh g−1 at 5.0 A g−1 after 5000 cycles. Quantitative kinetics analysis confirms the fundamentals of the enhanced rate capacity and the potential region of Na‐insertion/extraction. This elaborate work opens up an avenue toward the design of carbon with multidimensions and in‐depth understanding of their sodium‐storage features.

Ultrafast Sodium Full Batteries Derived from XFe (X = Co, Ni, Mn) Prussian Blue Analogs

“…The Nyquist plots reveal that the pristine resistance of CF is smaller than that of other samples in Figure F, derived from the rich pristine defects. With the cycling, gradually reduced resistances were found on the NF cell, as shown in Figure S12 in the Supporting Information, originating from the CE < 100%, demonstrating that the residual sodium ions could improve the conductivity . Moreover, in Figure G, the sharpest peaks of NF is observed, matching well with its high crystalline.…”

“…In high‐resolution TEM (HRTEM) images of the as‐obtained samples, it is found that the samples were encapsulated in the high‐ordered graphitic carbon (0.37 nm), while they were embedded into the amorphous carbon (0.38) . The thickness of graphitic carbon layer was about CF‐2 (5.1 nm), NF‐2 (5.3 nm), and MF‐2 (9.3 nm), resulting from the catalytic characteristic of Co/Ni/Mn for carbon . These advantages above could give rise to the rapid rate of ion transfer and the alleviation of volume expansion.…”

Defect Rich Hierarchical Porous Carbon for High Power Supercapacitors

“…The XRD measurement of all samples are exhibited in Figure 2A. The broad peaks located at 23 • and inconspicuous peaks centered at 43 • are perceived, indicating that all the samples are in amorphous constructions maintained few regions of crystallinity (Hou et al, 2015(Hou et al, , 2017Ge et al, 2018;Zou et al, 2018;Wu et al, 2019). More detailer pore structures of the samples are collected by the nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements in Figures 2B,C. The isotherms of all DSPCs exhibit a combination of I-type and IV-type isotherm characteristics at a relative pressure >0.4, suggesting that both micropores and mesopores exist.…”

N‐Doped Carbon Nanofibers with Interweaved Nanochannels for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Storage

“…The current density of CV curves was increased gradually as the sweep rate increase from 0.2 to 1.4 mV s −1 . Usually, the relationship with the sweep and current is presented in Equation where i is the current density, a and b are the parameters, v stands the scan rate. The capacity contributions mainly divided into two parts: the intercalation process is controlled by diffusion when the b‐value is closing to 0.5, while the capacitive process as the b‐value is near to 1.…”