Multi-Objective Optimization of PV and Energy Storage Systems for Ultra-Fast Charging Stations

Abstract

The installation of ultra-fast charging stations (UFCSs) is essential to push the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). Given the high amount of power required by this charging technology, the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) and energy storage systems (ESSs) in the design of the station represents a valuable option to decrease its impact on the grid and the environment. Therefore, this paper proposes a multi-objective optimization problem for the optimal sizing of photovoltaic (PV) system and battery ESS (BESS) in a UFCS of EVs. The proposed multi-objective function aims to minimize, on one side, the annualized cost of the station, and on the other side, the produced pollutant emissions. The decision variables are the number of PV panels and the capacity of the ESS to be installed. The optimization problem is reduced to a single-objective problem by applying the linear scalarization method. Then the equivalent singleobjective function is optimized through a genetic algorithm (GA). The proposed optimization framework is applied to a study case and the results prove that PV and ESS could lead to a significant reduction of both the annualized cost and the pollutant emissions. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is also presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed solution.INDEX TERMS extreme fast charging, integrated charging station, bi-objective optimization, electric vehicles, fast-charging load demand.

Study of Long-Term Energy Storage System Capacity Configuration Based on Improved Grey Forecasting Model

“…Although privacy protection does not provide intuitive economic benefits, it can motivate users and make the proposed strategy easier to implement [22], [24][25]. The above research improves the performance of other targets based on single-target optimization and further exploits the benefits brought by ESS [19][20][21][22][23].…”

“…Multi-objective optimization can utilize the degree of freedom in the process of single-objective optimization to improve other optimization objectives. Carola et al [19] took emissions and costs as objectives and optimized the battery capacity by transforming linear weighting into single-objective optimization. Simplifies the difficulty of solving multi-objective optimization problems; but reduced the reliability of the solution.…”

“…Although the above research has achieved relatively ideal results, and broadened the application scenarios of ESS, there are certain drawbacks. Simultaneous optimization of multiple objectives means high computational complexity, which further leads to a more complex optimization process and difficulty in obtaining a complete solution set [19][20][21][22][23], [27]. In [31] and [32], this phenomenon is more reflected in the edge of the non-dominant solution set, which means that we cannot discuss the optimal benefit of each goal.…”

“…In [31] and [32], this phenomenon is more reflected in the edge of the non-dominant solution set, which means that we cannot discuss the optimal benefit of each goal. This problem can also be encountered when converting a multi-objective optimization problem into a single-objective optimization problem using a linear weighting method [19], [33]. If the weight of an objective becomes zero, the problem will degenerate into a single objective problem.…”

Feasibility and Techno-Economic Analysis of Electric Vehicle Charging of PV/Wind/Diesel/Battery Hybrid Energy System with Different Battery Technology

“…Because uncontrolled EV charging cycles have a significant impact on the electricity grid, hybrid charging stations are incorporating renewable energy sources and battery storage [15]. Issues such as cost and economic indicators can be optimized using a single-objective solution and reliability and environmental benefits can be solved using a multi-objective optimization [16]. To remove the negative effects of electric car charging by precisely calculating the renewable energy share derived from the battery's stored energy [17], a hybrid electric vehicle charging station solution is offered, along with a small-scale photovoltaic system and battery energy storage.…”