Multi-insecticide susceptibility evaluation of dengue vectors Stegomyia albopicta and St. aegypti in Assam, India

Abstract

BackgroundDengue is rapidly expanding mosquito-borne viral infection globally facing operational challenges due to insecticide resistance in dengue vectors. We have studied the susceptibility status of potential dengue vectors St. albopicta and St. aegypti to the commonly used insecticides.MethodsStegomyia larval bioassays were carried out to determine LC10, LC50 and LC99 values and resistance ratios (RR50 and RR99) for temephos. Adult susceptibility bioassay to 4% DDT, 0.05% deltamethrin, 5% malathion was assessed following standard procedure to determine the corrected mortality. Knock-down times (KDT50 and KDT99) were estimated and the knock-down resistance ratios (KRR50 and KRR99) were calculated.ResultsSt. albopicta wild population (WP) of Sotia was resistant to temephos as the LC99 value was 0.12 mg/l and found to be 2.3 fold high than the reference population (RP). St. aegypti WP of Borgong, Kusumtola and Serajuli displayed a RR99 of 2.5, 5.4 and 4.5 respectively suggesting high level of resistance to temephos. Results suggested that both St. albopicta and St. aegypti WP were fully resistant to DDT (mortality < 90%) in all the study locations. Both the species were completely susceptible to deltamethrin and malathion (corrected mortality > 98%), except for St. albopicta at Sotia which displayed low level of resistance to malathion (corrected mortality =95.4%). The estimated KDT values for both the species indicated high level of knock-down resistance to DDT and susceptibility to deltamethrin.ConclusionWP of both the dengue vectors showed varied response to temephos, while resistant to DDT and completely susceptible to deltamethrin. Both the species were susceptible to malathion at majority of the testing sites. Current results strongly advocate that DDT is no longer effective against dengue vectors, while thorough monitoring of malathion susceptibility in geographical area at dengue risk is inexorable to ascertain whether or not the resistance to malathion is focal. Information generated herein may be useful in better planning and implementing in dengue control strategy using insecticides.

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“…As a consequence, there are plenty of resistance registers against PY in Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes [26, 27], including some Ae. albopictus populations [20, 22, 28, 29]. …”

The Status of Susceptibility of Japanese Encephalitis Vectors to Insecticides in Endemic Areas of Northern Districts of West Bengal, India

“…Accordingly, the vector mosquitoes were under tremendous pressure from pyrethroid for a long period, which is reflected by the higher level of tolerance to it. Other vector mosquito species were found to be tolerant to pyrethroid, which were reported from other parts of the country (14)(15)(16)18,21).…”

“…Besides, synthetic pyrethroids have been widely used in LLINs, while DDT is used for IRS in many malaria-endemic regions including northern districts of West Bengal. Some recent studies have indicated a considerable level of resistance among different vectors against synthetic pyrethroids and DDT in different states of India (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21).…”

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“…There are numerous reports documenting the establishment and increase of resistance to DDT in Ae. aegypti as a worldwide phenomenon, likely due to prolonged usage of DDT in vector control programs [14][15][16][17] during the latter half of the last century. These data were consistent with those previously reported for OX513A in relation to Malaysian Ae.…”

“…Malathion is routinely used in fogging operations for mosquito control during the peak epidemic periods of Japanese encephalitis and dengue in northeastern states, due to which the dengue vectors in the environment are at continuous selection. It has been suggested that this poses a threat to efficacy of malathion in the long-term [17].…”