MRI study of the cross-sectional area for the cervical extensor musculature in patients with persistent whiplash associated disorders (WAD)

Elliott, James M.; Jull, Gwendolen; Noteboom, J. Timothy; Galloway, Graham J.

doi:10.1016/j.math.2007.01.012

Cited by 107 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Recent MR studies have described the possible presence of visible changes to muscles and ligaments in neck pain patients after whiplash [9,36]. The reliability of quantitative methods [9,11] appears to be superior to that of qualitative methods [36]. The reliability of the quantitative MR measure of synovial fold volume used in the present study has been previously reported [60].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

The influence of age, anthropometrics and range of motion on the morphometry of the synovial folds of the lateral atlanto-axial joints: a pilot study

2010

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of age, anthropometrics and cervical range of motion upon synovial fold volume. Ten healthy female subjects aged 20-40 years were included in the study. Age, height, body mass, dimensions of the head and neck and cervical range of motion of each subject were measured. Magnetic resonance (MR) images of the cervical spine were acquired; the volume of the ventral and dorsal synovial folds of the right and the left lateral atlanto-axial joints was measured using seed growing and thresholding methods. Using Spearman's correlation coefficient, it was determined that there was no correlation between synovial fold volume and age. Synovial fold volume was positively correlated with subject height and neck length but negatively correlated with body mass, body mass index and the circumference of the head and neck. The relationship between synovial fold volume and range of cervical motion varied with the plane of movement. The ability to image the synovial folds of the lateral atlanto-axial joints using MR imaging to determine their normal morphology provides the basis for investigating synovial fold pathology in patients with neck pain and headache.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

The influence of age, anthropometrics and range of motion on the morphometry of the synovial folds of the lateral atlanto-axial joints: a pilot study

2010

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“…First, we measured muscle volumes only on T2-weighted axial images because only T2-weighted pulse sequences were used for axial images in the protocol of the previous study. Previous reports have investigated the cervical musculature using T1-weighted [7][8][9]15] or T2-weighted [3,6,28] images. However, it remains controversial which is better for the evaluation of cervical musculature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nonetheless, this is the first longitudinal study on agerelated changes in the posterior extensor muscles of the cervical spine in healthy individuals. Recently, more attention has been focused on the posterior extensor muscles of the cervical spine with regard to minimally invasive cervical spinal surgery [19, 29-31, 33, 34] and patients with cervical spinal trauma, such as whiplash injury [7,9,14,18]. The age-related changes in the posterior extensor muscles described in this study can serve as a control for the assessment of changes in the posterior extensor muscles associated with various cervical spinal disorders and with non-surgical and surgical treatments for these disorders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-sectional area of posterior extensor muscles of the cervical spine in asymptomatic subjects: a 10-year longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study

et al. 2011

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There has been no prospective study on agerelated changes of the extensor muscles of the cervical spine in healthy subjects. This study was conducted to elucidate any association between the changes in cross-sectional area of the extensor muscles of the cervical spine on MRIs and cervical disc degeneration or the development of clinical symptoms. Sixty-two subjects who underwent MR imaging by a 1.5-Tesla machine between 1993 and 1996 as asymptomatic volunteers in a previous study were recruited again 10 years later for this follow-up study. The mean interval between the studies was 11.0 ± 0.7 years. The cross-sectional areas of the multifidus, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, and splenius capitis at C3-C4, C4-C5, and C5-C6 intervertebral levels were measured on T2-weighted axial images using Image J 1.42. The mean cross-sectional areas of the deep extensor muscles were 1,396.8 ± 337.6 mm 2 at the C3-C4 level, 1,514.7 ± 381.0 mm 2 at the C4-C5 level, and 1,542.8 ± 373.5 mm 2 at the C5-C6 level in the previous investigation. The cross-sectional areas were 1,498.7 ± 374.4 mm 2 at the C3-C4 level, 1,569.9 ± 390.9 mm 2 at the C4-C5 level, and 1,599.6 ± 364.3 mm 2 at the 10-year follow-up. An increase in the cross-sectional area of the muscles was more frequently observed in subjects in their tens to thirties in the initial study, while a decrease was more frequently observed in those in their forties and older in the initial study. Disc degeneration was not correlated with a change in extensor muscle volume. Development of shoulder stiffness during follow-up was significantly negatively correlated with a change in the cross-sectional area of the deep extensor muscles.

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“…However, ACDF may potentially affect the posterior muscles due to a loss of motion at fused segments. Although there have been several cross-sectional studies on posterior muscles in healthy subjects [2], patients undergoing posterior surgery [12,13], and those suffering from whiplash injury [3], no study to date has examined the long-term changes in posterior muscles after ACDF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the cross-sectional area of deep posterior extensor muscles of the cervical spine after anterior decompression and fusion: 10-year follow-up study using MRI

Matsumoto

Okada²,

Ichihara³

et al. 2011

Eur Spine J

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Purpose To evaluate changes in the transverse area of deep posterior muscles of the cervical spine 10 years after anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF), in comparison with healthy volunteers. Methods Thirty-one patients (22 males, 9 females, mean age at follow-up 59.3 years, mean follow-up 12.1 years) who had undergone preoperative MRI and non-instrumented ACDF within levels C3-4 to C5-6 were enrolled. 32 asymptomatic volunteers (17 males, 15 females; mean age, 54.7 years; mean follow-up, 11.7 years) who underwent MRI between 1993 and 1996 served as controls. Follow-up MRI was performed on both patients and control subjects, and the cross-sectional areas of deep posterior muscles were measured digitally at levels C3-4, 4-5, and 5-6. Results The mean total cross-sectional area in the ACDF and control groups was 4,693.6 ± 1,140.9 and 4,825.8 ± 1,048.2 mm 2 in the first MR study (P = 0.63), and 4,616.7 ± 1,086.0 and 5,036.7 ± 1,105.6 mm 2 at followup (P = 0.13). The total cross-sectional area in the ACDF group slightly decreased, while that in the control group increased (-77.1 ± 889.7 vs. 210.9 ± 622.0 mm 2 , P = 0.14). The mean change in the cross-sectional area had no significant correlation with clinical symptoms, including neck pain or JOA score. Conclusions ACDF patients did not show a marked decrease in the cross-sectional area of the deep posterior cervical muscles, but as compared with control subjects there was a slight decrease. A decrease in the cross-sectional area of these muscles after ACDF may not result in the axial symptoms as seen in patients treated by posterior surgery.

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MRI study of the cross-sectional area for the cervical extensor musculature in patients with persistent whiplash associated disorders (WAD)

Cited by 107 publications

References 27 publications

The influence of age, anthropometrics and range of motion on the morphometry of the synovial folds of the lateral atlanto-axial joints: a pilot study

The influence of age, anthropometrics and range of motion on the morphometry of the synovial folds of the lateral atlanto-axial joints: a pilot study

Cross-sectional area of posterior extensor muscles of the cervical spine in asymptomatic subjects: a 10-year longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study

Changes in the cross-sectional area of deep posterior extensor muscles of the cervical spine after anterior decompression and fusion: 10-year follow-up study using MRI

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