MRI-based surface-assisted parcellation of human cerebellar cortex: an anatomically specified method with estimate of reliability

Makris, Nikos; Schlerf, John E.; Hodge, Steven; Haselgrove, Christian; Albaugh, Matthew D.; Seidman, Larry J.; Rauch, Scott L.; Harris, Gordon J.; Biederman, Joseph; Caviness, Verne S.; Kennedy, David N.; Schmahmann, Jeremy D.

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.056

Cited by 95 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Together with this CMA team we subsequently went on to perform volumetric analyses of the cerebellar lobes and lobules (Makris et al 2003), and developed a semi-automated computerized approach to flattening the cerebellum (Makris et al 2005) that represented an advance over our earlier hand-crafted attempt, described below.…”

Section: The Need For a Cerebellar Atlasmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Cerebellum in Cognition and Emotion: Personal Reflections Since 1982 on the Dysmetria of Thought Hypothesis, and Its Historical Evolution from Theory to Therapy

2010

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The cognitive neuroscience of the cerebellum is now an established multidisciplinary field of investigation. This essay traces the historical evolution of this line of inquiry from an emerging field to its current status, with personal reflections over almost three decades on this journey of discovery. It pays tribute to early investigators who recognized the wider role of the cerebellum beyond motor control, traces the origins of new terms and concepts including the dysmetria of thought theory, the universal cerebellar transform, and the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome, and places these developments within the broader context of the scientific efforts of a growing community of cerebellar cognitive neuroscientists. This account considers the converging evidence from theoretical, anatomical, physiological, clinical, and functional neuroimaging approaches that have resulted in the transition from recognizing the cerebellar incorporation into the distributed neural circuits subserving cognition and emotion, to a hopeful new era of treatment of neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric manifestations of cerebellar diseases, and to cerebellar-based interventions for psychiatric disorders.

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Section: The Need For a Cerebellar Atlasmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Cerebellum in Cognition and Emotion: Personal Reflections Since 1982 on the Dysmetria of Thought Hypothesis, and Its Historical Evolution from Theory to Therapy

2010

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“…The surface reconstruction proceeded in an automated/manual/automated iterative fashion. Using FreeSurfer, the segmented/contrast corrected coronal slices were combined into topologically correct surfaces Makris et al, 2003Makris et al, , 2005Ju et al, 2005;Fennema-Notestine et al, 2006;Lyoo et al, 2006). In its default mode of operation, FreeSurfer typically processes MRI volume data directly, automatically attempting the segmentation and skull stripping steps.…”

Section: Aðnþ Gc ð3þmentioning

confidence: 99%

A methodology for analyzing curvature in the developing brain from preterm to adult

Pienaar

Fischl

Caviness

et al. 2008

Int J Imaging Syst Tech

134

127

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The character and timing of gyral development is one manifestation of the complex orchestration of human brain development. The ability to quantify these changes would not only allow for deeper understanding of cortical development, but also conceivably allow for improved detection of pathologies. This paper describes a FreeSurfer based image-processing analysis "pipeline" or methodology that inputs an MRI volume, corrects possible contrast defects, creates surface reconstructions, and outputs various curvature-based function analyses. A technique of performing neonate reconstructions using FreeSurfer, which has not been possible previously due to inverted image contrast in pre-myelinated brains, is described. Once surfaces are reconstructed, the analysis component of the pipeline incorporates several surface-based curvature functions found in literature (principle curvatures, Gaussian, mean curvature, "curvedness", and Willmore Bending Energy). We consider the problem of analyzing curvatures from different sized brains by introducing a Gaussian-curvature based variable-radius filter. Segmented volume data is also analyzed for folding measures: a gyral folding index (gyrification-white index GWI), and a gray-white matter junction folding index (WMF). A very simple curvature-based classifier is proposed that has the potential to discriminate between certain classes of subjects. We also present preliminary results of this curvature analysis pipeline on nine neonate subjects (30.4 weeks through 40.3 weeks Corrected Gestational Age), 3 children (2, 3, and 7 years) and 3 adults (33, 37, and 39 years). Initial results demonstrate that curvature measures and functions across our subjects peaked at term, with a gradual decline through early childhood and further decline continuing through to adults. We can also discriminate older neonates, children, and adults based on curvature analysis. Using a variable radius Gaussian-curvature filter, we also observed that the per-unit bending energy of neonate brain surfaces was also much higher than the children and adults.

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“…In patients with cerebellar degeneration volumetric measures have been applied to quantify the degree of atrophy of the whole cerebellum and its subdivisions [2]. In patients with focal cerebellar lesions, the affected cerebellar lobules are defined [3], and the cerebellar nuclei can be visualised allowing to analyse which parts of the nuclei are affected [4,5].…”

Section: Somatotopy Motor Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lesion-Symptom Mapping of the Human Cerebellum

et al. 2008

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High-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a powerful tool in human cerebellar lesion studies. Structural MRI is helpful to analyse the localisation and extent of cerebellar lesions and to determine possible extracerebellar involvement. Functionally meaningful correlations between a cerebellar lesion site and behavioural data can be obtained both in subjects with degenerative as well as focal cerebellar disorders. In this review, examples are presented which demonstrate that MRI-based lesion-symptom mapping is helpful to study the function of cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei. Behavioural measures were used which represent two main areas of cerebellar function, that is, motor coordination and motor learning. One example are correlations with clinical data which are in good accordance with the known functional compartmentalisation of the cerebellum in three sagittal zones: In patients with cerebellar cortical degeneration ataxia of stance and gait was correlated with atrophy of the medial (and intermediate) cerebellum, oculomotor disorders with the medial, dysarthria with the intermediate and limb ataxia with atrophy of the intermediate and lateral cerebellum. Similar findings were obtained in patients with focal lesions. In addition, in patients with acute focal lesions, a somatotopy in the superior cerebellar cortex was found which is in close relationship to animal data and functional MRI data in healthy control subjects. Finally, comparison of data in patients with acute and chronic focal lesions revealed that lesion site appears to be critical for motor recovery. Recovery after lesions to the nuclei of the cerebellum was less complete. Another example which extended knowledge about functional localisation within the cerebellum is classical conditioning of the eyeblink response, a simple form of motor learning. In healthy subjects, learning rate was related to the volume of the cortex of the posterior cerebellar lobe. In patients with focal cerebellar lesions, acquisition of eyeblink conditioning was significantly reduced in lesions including the cortex of the superior posterior lobe, but not the inferior posterior lobe. Disordered timing of conditioned eyeblink responses correlated with lesions of the anterior lobe. Findings are in good agreement with the animal literature. Different parts of the cerebellar cortex may be involved in acquisition and timing of conditioned eyeblink responses in humans. These examples demonstrate that MRI-based lesion-symptom mapping is helpful to study the contribution of functionally relevant cerebellar compartments in motor control and recovery in patients with cerebellar disease. In addition, information about the function of cerebellar cortex and nuclei can be gained.

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MRI-based surface-assisted parcellation of human cerebellar cortex: an anatomically specified method with estimate of reliability

Cited by 95 publications

References 42 publications

The Role of the Cerebellum in Cognition and Emotion: Personal Reflections Since 1982 on the Dysmetria of Thought Hypothesis, and Its Historical Evolution from Theory to Therapy

The Role of the Cerebellum in Cognition and Emotion: Personal Reflections Since 1982 on the Dysmetria of Thought Hypothesis, and Its Historical Evolution from Theory to Therapy

A methodology for analyzing curvature in the developing brain from preterm to adult

Lesion-Symptom Mapping of the Human Cerebellum

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