The Olsen phosphorus (Olsen-P) concentration of soil is generally a good indicator for estimating the bioavailability of P and environmental risk in soils. To maintain soil Olsen-P at adequate levels for crop growth and environmental sustainability, the relationship between soil Olsen-P and the P budget (the P input minus the output) as well as the variations of soil Olsen-P and P budget were investigated from three long-term (22 years) experiments in China. Five treatments were selected: (1) unfertilized control (CK); (2) nitrogen and potassium (NK); (3) nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium (NPK); (4) nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and straw; (5) nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and manure. The results showed that without P fertilizers (CK, NK), there was a soil P deficit of 75-640 kg ha-1 , and the lowest P deficit (mean of CK and NK) was in Eutric Cambisol. Soil Olsen-P decreased by 0.11-0.39 mg kg-1 year-1 in the order of Luvic Phaeozems > Eutric Cambisol > Calcaric Cambisol. Soil Olsen-P and the P deficit had a significantly (P<0.01) positive linear relationship. For every 100 kg of P ha-1 of deficit, soil Olsen-P decreased by 0.44-9.19 mg kg-1 in the order of Eutric Cambisol > Luvic Phaeozems > Calcaric Cambisol. Under the P fertilizer treatments (NPK, NPKS, and NPKM), soil Olsen-P showed an obvious surplus (except the NPK and NPKS in Luvic Phaeozems) of 122-2190 kg ha-1 , and the largest P surplus was found under the NPKM treatment at each site. The relation between soil Olsen-P and the experimental years could be simulated using quadratic equation of one unknown in Calcaric Cambisol for the lower P input after 14 years of fertilization. And soil Olsen-P increased by 1.30-7.69 mg kg-1 year-1 in the order of Luvic Phaeozems > Eutric Cambisol. The relation between soil Olsen-P and the P surplus could be simulated by a simple linear equation except under NPK and NPKS in Luvic Phaeozems. With 100 kg ha-1 P surplus, soil Olsen-P increased by 3.24-7.27 mg kg-1 in the order of Calcaric Cambisol (6.42 mg kg-1) > Eutric Cambisol (3.24 mg kg-1). In addition, the change in soil Olsen-P with a 100 kg P ha-1 surplus (soil Olsen-P efficiency) was