MOVEIM v1.0: Development of a bottom-up motor vehicular emission inventories for the urban area of Manaus in central Amazon rainforest

Abstract

Abstract.Emissions of gases and particulates in urban areas are associated with a mixture of various sources, both natural and anthropogenic. Understanding and quantifying these emissions is necessary in studies of climate change, local air pollution issues and weather modification. Studies have highlighted that the transport sector is key to closing the world's emissions gap. 15Vehicles contribute substantially with the emission of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC), particulate matter (PM), methane (CH 4 ), hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O).Several studies show that vehicle emission inventories are an important approach to providing a baseline estimate of on-road emissions in several scales, mainly in urban areas. This approach is essential to areas with incomplete or non-existent monitoring networks as well as for air quality models. Conversely, the direct downscale of global emission inventories in chemical transport 20and air quality models may not be able to reproduce the observed evolution of atmospheric pollution processes at finer spatial scales. To address this caveat, we developed a bottom-up vehicular emission inventory along the 258 main traffic routes from Manaus, based on local vehicle fleet data and emission factors (EFs). The results show that the light vehicles are responsible for the largest fraction of the pollutants, contributing 2.6, 0.87, 0.32, 0.03, 456 and 0.8 ton/h of CO, NO x , CH 4 , PM, CO 2 and NMHC, respectively. Including the emissions of motorcycles, buses and trucks, our total estimation of the emissions is 4.1, 1.0 , 25 0.37, 0.07, 63.5 and 2.56 ton/h, respectively. We also noted that light vehicles accounted for about 62.8%, 84.7%, 87.9%, 45.1%, 71.8%, and 33.9% and motorcycles in the order of 32.3 %, 6.5 %, 12.1 %, 6.2 %, 14.8 %, 8.7 %, respectively. Nevertheless, we can highlight the bus emissions which are around 35.7% and 45.3 % for NMHC and PM. Our results indicate a better distribution over the domain reflecting the influences of standard behavior of traffic distribution per vehicle category. Finally, this inventory provides more detailed information to improving the current understanding of how vehicle emissions contribute to the ambient 30 pollutant concentrations in Manaus and their impacts on regional climate changes. This work will also contribute to improved air quality numerical simulations, provide more accurate scenarios for policymakers and regulatory agencies to develop strategies for controlling the vehicular emissions, and, consequently, mitigate associated impacts on local and regional scales of the Amazon ecosystems. 35Key words: Vehicle emission inventories, bottom-up approach, urban air pollution, Amazon forest Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi

Major Regional-Scale Production of O3 and Secondary Organic Aerosol in Remote Amazon Regions from the Dynamics and Photochemistry of Urban and Forest Emissions

“…Two different inventories , were used to create the anthropogenic emission fields used in the simulations. The inventory developed by includes the contributions of fixed (refinery and thermoelectric) and mobile sources, while the inventory from is focused only on mobile sources.…”

“…Two different inventories , were used to create the anthropogenic emission fields used in the simulations. The inventory developed by includes the contributions of fixed (refinery and thermoelectric) and mobile sources, while the inventory from is focused only on mobile sources. Analyses of the contributions of each source and the emission factors of the chemical species given by the inventories along with comparisons of observed data with simulations carried out using these inventories led us to reduce the VOC emissions of the Issac Sabbá (REMAN) refinery and power plants in the area given by by a factor of 10.…”

“…Other isoprenoids, such as monoterpenes (<1 ppbv) and sesquiterpenes (<0.16 ppbv), have also been reported. , Manaus, a city of more than 2 million people and 400.000 thousand vehicles, lies in the midst of this otherwise pristine environment. Its urban emissions make it the largest contributor of anthropogenic pollution in the Amazon basin during the wet season. , Previous studies , showed that the main contributors are light vehicles, buses, and stationary sources, such as thermal power plants and an oil refinery. This setting represents an ideal natural laboratory for investigating how anthropogenic emissions interact with biogenic compounds, modifying atmospheric chemistry and the production of ozone (O 3 ) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA). − Several studies have investigated how the transport of NO x and other anthropogenic compounds to the forest impacts the photochemical reactions that produce O 3 ,, and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). ,, The Green Ocean Amazon experiment (GoAmazon2014/5), with ground and aircraft-based measurements, has shown significant changes in aerosol composition and properties in an area up to 70 km downwind from Manaus, when compared with pristine Amazonian conditions. ,,, Experiments using an oxidation flow reactor showed that additional SOA could be produced further downwind than 70 km by the interaction between biogenic precursors, such as isoprene and formaldehyde (HCHO), and available oxidants such as O 3 and hydroxyl radicals (OH).…”

Economy and Power Tuning an Ic Engine for Lower Co2 Footprint

“…Air pollution from the transport sector and particularly from road transport [4][5][6] became a major environmental topic in the 1980s. Around this time, most Western-European countries, the US, Japan, and others, first limited the amount of polluting substances in exhaust emissions.…”

Evaluation of particulate matter emissions from non-passenger diesel vehicles in Qatar

“…Emissions of air pollutants in urban areas are associated with various sources, both natural and anthropogenic (Teixeira et al 2018). Nevertheless, mobile sources in main road transportation account for a large fraction of fossil fuel combustion in most countries which emits gaseous and particulate pollutants into the air (Hooftman 2018).…”