Mouthguard biosensor with telemetry system for monitoring of saliva glucose: A novel cavitas sensor

Abstract

We develop detachable "Cavitas sensors" to apply to the human oral cavity for non-invasive monitoring of saliva glucose. A salivary biosensor incorporating Pt and Ag/AgCl electrodes on a mouthguard support with an enzyme membrane is developed and tested. Electrodes are formed on the polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) surface of the mouthguard. The Pt working electrode is coated with a glucose oxidase (GOD) membrane. The biosensor seamlessly is integrated with a glucose sensor and a wireless measurement system. When investigating in-vitro performance, the biosensor exhibits a robust relationship between output current and glucose concentration. In artificial saliva composed of salts and proteins, the glucose sensor is capable of highly sensitive detection over a range of 5-1000µmol/L of glucose, which encompasses the range of glucose concentrations found in human saliva. We demonstrate the ability of the sensor and wireless communication module to monitor saliva glucose in a phantom jaw imitating the structure of the human oral cavity. Stable and long-term real-time monitoring (exceeding 5h) with the telemetry system is achieved. The mouthguard biosensor will be useful as a novel method for real-time non-invasive saliva glucose monitoring for better management of dental patients.

Recent Developments of Flexible and Stretchable Electrochemical Biosensors

“…Because of its strong adhesion to Pt and Ag, PET glycol (PETG) is used as the platform (e.g., PETG mouthguard) to integrate Ag/AgCl reference electrode and Pt working electrode with GOx immobilized by poly (MPC-co-EHMA) (PMEH) for monitoring saliva glucose (Figure 7e) [172]. By using a 1.0 wt% PMEH overcoat and an electrode surface area of 16.8 mm 2 , optimized glucose measurement in artificial saliva with a phantom jaw is achieved with a stable response within~60 s and good sensitivity for the glucose concentration from 0.05 to 1.0 mM.…”

Cavitas Biosensors: Noninvasive Approaches to Blood Glucose Monitoring for Diabetes Mellitus

“…We have developed a mouthguard (MG) biosensor for monitoring the saliva glucose level. (5) Saliva glucose concentrations approximately range from 20 to 200 µmol/L in normal and diabetic individuals, closely following circadian blood glucose fluctuations, (19) and offer promising opportunities for noninvasive monitoring. (20) Saliva and blood glucose levels correlate reasonably well in a sample of individuals.…”

“…1). (5) In this article, some cavitas biosensors for monitoring tear glucose in the conjunctival sac and saliva sugar in the oral cavity are focused on for noninvasive blood glucose analysis in diabetes mellitus. An update of various potential cavitas sensors and techniques and devices is provided, along with their advantages, challenges, and future trends.…”

An Optical Sensor with Polyaniline-Gold Hybrid Nanostructures for Monitoring pH in Saliva

“…Saliva is also a valuable source of biochemical information [9,10] that is accessible in a non-invasive fashion, because it can be collected rapidly, frequently, and without stress. Compared to sweat and urine, saliva is more readily available—especially for those patients suffering from conditions that inhibit sweat production or who are suffering from chronic renal failure.…”