Motor organization of the spinal accessory nerve in the monkey

Jenny, Arthur B.; Smith, J L; Decker, Julie A.

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)91413-8

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In our studies no traced neurons were found in the caudal part of the medulla oblongata, in contrast to previous findings. On the other hand other researchers studying this problem in human foetuses (Pearson, 1938), rabbits (Romanes, 1941), cats (Holomanova et al, 1972) dogs (RuminskaKowalska et al, 1976), rats (Kitamura and Sakai, 1982), cats (Satomi et al, (1985), monkeys (Jenny et al, 1988), sheep (Romanes, 1940;Clavenzani et al, 1994) and felines (Liinamaa et al, 1997) found the SAN to be located in the cervical segments of the spinal cord only, which is in accordance with our results. Surprisingly, in our studies a group of FB + neurons was found within the cranial nucleus of the accessory nerve (nucleus ambiguous).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Sources of the motor and somatic sensory innervation of the trapezius muscle in the rat

Sienkiewicz¹,

Dudek²

2010

Vet. Med. - Czech

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ABSTRACT:The study was carried out on nine sexually mature male rats of the Wistar breed weighing approximately 250 g each. Animals were anaesthetized with thiopental sodium injected intraperitoneally (30 mg/kg of body weight). The animals were then injected with Fast Blue tracer into the right trapezius muscle. After a survival period of five weeks the rats were transcardially perfused with buffered paraformaldehyde. The following tissue blocks were collected: spinal cord (cervical and thoracic part) with spinal ganglia and whole brain with medulla oblongata. The tissues collected were cut into 12 μm-thick cryostat sections, which were viewed under a fluorescent microscope equipped with a filter block for FB. FB-positive (FB + ) neurons were counted in every fourth section to avoid double analysis. After injections of the tracer to the right trapezius muscle FB + neurons were found in many nuclei and ganglia. The labelled cells of the medulla oblongata nuclei were found in the bilateral vestibular nuclei including superior (SuVe), lateral (LVe), medial (MVe) and spinal (SpVe) vestibular nuclei and also in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) which is a single nucleus, but only in the ipsilateral ambiguous nucleus (Amb). FB + perikarya were also found in the spinal cord, extending between the first cervical segment (C 1 ) and the cranial half of the seventh spinal cervical segment (C 7 ), in an ipsilateral area ventrolateraly with respect to the central canal, within the spinal nucleus of the accessory nerve (SAN). Retrograde labelled sensory neurons were found in the bilateral spinal ganglia (SPG-s), from the second cervical ganglion (C 2 ) to the third thoracic ganglion (Th 3 ).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Sources of the motor and somatic sensory innervation of the trapezius muscle in the rat

Sienkiewicz¹,

Dudek²

2010

Vet. Med. - Czech

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“…The results of some of the reports differ-in a few cases, even for the same animal species by using similar retrograde labeling methods. For example, SAN nuclei have been identified in the caudal part of the medulla and the rostral part of the spinal cord in sheep (Flieger, 1967), monkey (Ueyama et al, 1990), and rabbit (Ullah and Salman, 1986), whereas other researchers located them in the rostral part of the spinal cord in cat (Satomi et al, 1985), monkey (Jenny et al, 1988), and sheep (Clavenzani et al, 1994). In our study, similar results were found in chick.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early emergence of axons and formation of accessory nerve (XI) in avian embryos

Haque

Qin

et al. 2016

Asian J. Med. Biol. Res

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Development of the nervous system involves specification of distinct classes of neurons at defined locations within the central nervous system (CNS). In the head-trunk-transitory region accessory nerve (XI) display a unique axonal trajectory in that they ascend along the lateral margin of the spinal cord and the medulla oblongata. At present, we lack a detailed description of early emergence and development of the accessory nerve (XI) in avian embryos. To know the early projection of accessory axons from the central nervous system (CNS) and formation of accessory nerve (XI), whole-mount immunostaining of chick embryos was performed. Our results showed that axons start to project from the CNS as early as Hamilton and Hamburger (HH) stage 18 at the level of occipital somites (1 to 5). In the succeeding developmental stages, the axons developed, united with each other and ran dorsolaterally along the longitudinal axis of the embryo. Finally, it formed a bent near the first occipital somite and passed along with vagus nerve. This study will give us an idea on the topographic anatomy of accessory nerve (XI) during development of chick embryos.

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“…The lateral subnucleus of the rat begins at the rostral C2 level and continues caudally to C7 where neuronal density tapers considerably [76]. Interestingly, a number of investigations have found the subnuclei of the accessory proper to be somatotopically organized in higher mammalian vertebrates [76, 77, 79, 80]. The majority of the medial subnucleus innervates the sternomastoid muscle or the sternomastoid portion of the SCM when fused with the cleidomastoid in humans.…”

Section: The Transitional Nervementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of the medial subnucleus innervates the sternomastoid muscle or the sternomastoid portion of the SCM when fused with the cleidomastoid in humans. The cleidomastoid receives innervation from a small caudal area of the medial subnucleus and a small rostral area of the lateral subnucleus, while the trapezius is innervated by the majority of the lateral subnucleus (Figure 9) [76, 77, 79, 80]. One final notable characteristic of the accessory muscle complex is the distinct cortical representation.…”

Section: The Transitional Nervementioning

confidence: 99%

Transitional Nerve: A New and Original Classification of a Peripheral Nerve Supported by the Nature of the Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

Benninger

McNeil

2010

Neurology Research International

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Classically, the accessory nerve is described as having a cranial and a spinal root. Textbooks are inconsistent with regard to the modality of the spinal root of the accessory nerve. Some authors report the spinal root as general somatic efferent (GSE), while others list a special visceral efferent (SVE) modality. We investigated the comparative, anatomical, embryological, and molecular literature to determine which modality of the accessory nerve was accurate and why a discrepancy exists. We traced the origin of the incongruity to the writings of early comparative anatomists who believed the accessory nerve was either branchial or somatic depending on the origin of its target musculature. Both theories were supported entirely by empirical observations of anatomical and embryological dissections. We find ample evidence including very recent molecular experiments to show the cranial and spinal root are separate entities. Furthermore, we determined the modality of the spinal root is neither GSE or SVE, but a unique peripheral nerve with a distinct modality. We propose a new classification of the accessory nerve as a transitional nerve, which demonstrates characteristics of both spinal and cranial nerves.

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Motor organization of the spinal accessory nerve in the monkey

Cited by 13 publications

References 37 publications

Sources of the motor and somatic sensory innervation of the trapezius muscle in the rat

Sources of the motor and somatic sensory innervation of the trapezius muscle in the rat

Early emergence of axons and formation of accessory nerve (XI) in avian embryos

Transitional Nerve: A New and Original Classification of a Peripheral Nerve Supported by the Nature of the Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

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