Motor and perceptual–motor competence in children with Down syndrome: variation in performance with age

Self-controlled feedback enhances learning in adults with Down syndrome

“…Adults with DS differ from unimpaired adults in various ways, including cognitive 26 and motor aspects of performance 3,34 . Therefore, it was unclear whether they would show similar learning advantages to typical individuals when given the opportunity to decide how often and when to receive feedback.…”

“…DS is associated with changes in the anatomy of the body (i.e., low height, short extremities, short digits, and tendency towards obesity), resulting in atypical movement patterns 2 . Also, perceptual-motor competence in children with DS is generally delayed, when compared with children without DS 3 . Skilled movement is fundamental to human experience.…”

Impaired Locomotor Learning and Altered Cerebellar Synaptic Plasticity in pep-19/pcp4-Null Mice

“…Deficiencies in, and compromised development of, motor skills and motor planning are among the most common findings in DS (17,18,55,60). Furthermore, many cerebellumdependent deficits are evident in mouse models of DS, including reduced granule cell number (3,44), mimicking the cerebellar hypoplasia of DS (2) and variable locomotor deficits that, depending on the mouse model, can include gait anomalies and impaired performance on the rotarod test (3,13,20).…”

Electropalatographic therapy for children and young people with Down's syndrome

“…In addition to the anatomical differences, people with DS perform poorly in most areas of motor functioning (Frith and Frith, 1974;Spender et al, 1995;Spano, Mercuri, Rando, Panto, Gagliano, Henderson, and Guzzetta, 1999) and specifically in speech motor control (Kumin, 1994). In a study by Barnes, Roberts, Mirrett, Sideris, and Misenheimer (2006), boys with DS showed significantly lower levels of lip, tongue, velopharynx, larynx, and coordinated speech function than typically-developing boys matched for non-verbal mental age, and lower levels of coordinated speech movements than boys with Fragile X (another common cause of intellectual disability), also matched for non-verbal mental age.…”