Motivation and Cognitive Control in Depression

Grahek, Ivan; Shenhav, Amitai; Musslick, Sebastian; Krebs, Ruth M.; Koster, Ernst H. W.

doi:10.1101/500561

Cited by 18 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 159 publications

(176 reference statements)

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“…It is proposed that individuals with greater depressive symptoms may lack the motivation necessary to engage in tasks (Phillips et al., 2013), and perhaps this impaired behavioural response results in blunted or lower CVR to psychological stress tasks. Furthermore others have found that motivation influences cognitive control (e.g., reduced rewards and anticipation of rewards); deficits in depression which may have relevance here (Grahek et al., 2019), as the effort to engage with the task will be attenuated in those who are depressed and not motivated. For example, studies have shown that depression is uniquely characterised by reduced enjoyment of approach based pursuits (Winch et al., 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Motivational orientation mediates the association between depression and cardiovascular reactivity to acute psychological stress

et al. 2020

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Recent theoretical developments in cardiovascular reactivity research suggest the association between depression and blunted reactions to stress is linked to motivational factors. Thus, the present study aimed to test whether the association between depressive symptoms and cardiovascular reactivity to acute stress was mediated by motivation; be it intrinsic or extrinsic motivation. One hundred and eighty‐two healthy young adults completed measures of motivation (Global Motivation Scale; GMS), and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HADS) and had their blood pressure and heart rate monitored throughout a standardised stress testing protocol. Results indicated that depression was negatively associated with both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) reactions to the stress task (all ps < .05), such that those who reported higher depressive symptomology displayed a blunted response. Furthermore this relationship was mediated by intrinsic, but not extrinsic motivation; the blunted responses were less pronounced through intrinsic motivation. The present findings add extensively to existing research and confirm that motivation is an underlying mechanism linking depression and cardiovascular reactivity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Motivational orientation mediates the association between depression and cardiovascular reactivity to acute psychological stress

et al. 2020

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“…Individual differences in expectations of efficacy may also play a significant role in determining one's motivation to engage in individual tasks or effortful behavior at large 19,21,[76][77][78] . Forms of amotivation, like apathy and anhedonia, are common across a variety of psychiatric and neurological disorders, and most likely reflect deficits in the process of evaluating potential incentive components; determining the overall EVC of candidate control signals; specifying the EVC-maximizing control allocation; and/or executing this control.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expectations of reward and efficacy guide cognitive control allocation

et al. 2021

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The amount of mental effort we invest in a task is influenced by the reward we can expect if we perform that task well. However, some of the rewards that have the greatest potential for driving these efforts are partly determined by factors beyond one’s control. In such cases, effort has more limited efficacy for obtaining rewards. According to the Expected Value of Control theory, people integrate information about the expected reward and efficacy of task performance to determine the expected value of control, and then adjust their control allocation (i.e., mental effort) accordingly. Here we test this theory’s key behavioral and neural predictions. We show that participants invest more cognitive control when this control is more rewarding and more efficacious, and that these incentive components separately modulate EEG signatures of incentive evaluation and proactive control allocation. Our findings support the prediction that people combine expectations of reward and efficacy to determine how much effort to invest.

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“…Another legitimate hypothesis would be that some of these patients with DDBS could be taking some antidepressant drugs associated with weight loss (e.g., fluoxetine). Furthermore, we suggest some reasons for the lower weight loss of patients with DDBS: the relationship between depression and binge eating behavior [24] or the lack of motivation that characterizes depression [25]. The signs and symptoms of depression should then be actively sought and in case of doubt or the clear presence of these, patients should be referred to a psychiatrist.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Depression on Weight Variation after Bariatric Surgery: A Three-Year Observational Study

et al. 2020

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Introduction: The association between obesity and depression has been repeatedly established. However, little is known about the impact that the diagnosis of depression before bariatric surgery (DDBS) may have on weight loss. Objective: To evaluate the impact of DDBS on weight outcomes. Methods: Retrospective study of patients submitted to BS. Patients with no weight, no current medication data, or those submitted to revision surgery were excluded. Patients were considered to have DDBS based on taking antidepressants prior to BS or if there was a medical history of past or current depression. Patients with and without a depression history were compared using independent t test. A multivariate logistic regression model was created to evaluate predictors of weight variation (variables included: age, sex, and type of surgery). Results: A total of 616 patients did not have a history of depression and 230 had DDBS. There was a statistically significant difference in the BMI variation between groups. On average, individuals with DDBS lost 1.4 kg/m 2 less than those without DDBS. In the multivariate analysis, the group with DDBS, compared with the group without DDBS, presented on average less -0.9 kg/m 2 (95% CI -1.7 to -0.2, p = 0.018) BMI variation. Conclusion: DDBS is a predictor of lower weight loss after the surgical procedure. Even after adjusting for confounding variables such as age, sex, and BS type, this effect remains.

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Motivation and Cognitive Control in Depression

Cited by 18 publications

References 159 publications

Motivational orientation mediates the association between depression and cardiovascular reactivity to acute psychological stress

Motivational orientation mediates the association between depression and cardiovascular reactivity to acute psychological stress

Expectations of reward and efficacy guide cognitive control allocation

Impact of Depression on Weight Variation after Bariatric Surgery: A Three-Year Observational Study

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