Mosquito repellents for malaria prevention

Maia, Marta; Kliner, Merav; Richardson, Marty; Lengeler, Christian; Moore, Sarah

doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011595

Cited by 26 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…However, overall evidence remains inconclusive and findings of this China study particularly had very large confidence intervals because of very low number of cases, therefore, reducing the strength of the evidence [ 11 ]. Indeed, a recent Cochrane review on this subject concluded that although some studies have found a protective effect, it remains unclear if spatial repellents are effective at reducing the risk of malaria infection, and that further well-designed studies must be conducted in order to improve the certainty of evidence [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eave ribbons treated with the spatial repellent, transfluthrin, can effectively protect against indoor-biting and outdoor-biting malaria mosquitoes

Mmbando

Ngowo

Limwagu

et al. 2018

Malar J

124

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BackgroundLong-lasting insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying protect against indoor-biting and indoor-resting mosquitoes but are largely ineffective for early-biting and outdoor-biting malaria vectors. Complementary tools are, therefore, needed to accelerate control efforts. This paper describes simple hessian ribbons treated with spatial repellents and wrapped around eaves of houses to prevent outdoor-biting and indoor-biting mosquitoes over long periods of time.MethodsThe eave ribbons are 15 cm-wide triple-layered hessian fabrics, in lengths starting 1 m. They can be fitted onto houses using nails, adhesives or Velcro, without completely closing eave-spaces. In 75 experimental nights, untreated ribbons and ribbons treated with 0.02%, 0.2%, 1.5% or 5% transfluthrin emulsion (spatial repellent) were evaluated against blank controls using two experimental huts inside a 202 m2 semi-field chamber where 500 laboratory-reared Anopheles arabiensis were released nightly. Two volunteers sat outdoors (one/hut) and collected mosquitoes attempting to bite them from 6 p.m. to 10 p.m. (outdoor-biting), then went indoors and slept under bed nets, beside which CDC-light traps collected mosquitoes from 10 p.m. to 6.30 a.m. (indoor-biting). To assess survival, 200 caged mosquitoes were suspended near the huts nightly and monitored for 24 h thereafter. Additionally, field tests were done in experimental huts in a rural Tanzanian village to evaluate treated ribbons (1.5% transfluthrin). Here, indoor-biting was assessed using window traps and Prokopack® aspirators, and outdoor-biting assessed using volunteer-occupied double-net traps.ResultsIndoor-biting and outdoor-biting decreased > 99% in huts fitted with eave ribbons having ≥ 0.2% transfluthrin. Even 0.02% transfluthrin-treated ribbons provided 79% protection indoors and 60% outdoors. Untreated ribbons however reduced indoor-biting by only 27% and increased outdoor-biting by 18%, though these were non-significant (P > 0.05). Of all caged mosquitoes exposed near treated huts, 99.5% died within 24 h. In field tests, the ribbons provided 96% protection indoors and 84% outdoors against An. arabiensis, plus 42% protection indoors and 40% outdoors against Anopheles funestus. Current prototypes cost ~ 7USD/hut, are made of widely-available hessian and require no specialized expertise.ConclusionTransfluthrin-treated eave ribbons significantly prevented outdoor-biting and indoor-biting malaria vectors and could potentially complement current tools. The technique is simple, low-cost, highly-scalable and easy-to-use; making it suitable even for poorly-constructed houses and low-income groups.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eave ribbons treated with the spatial repellent, transfluthrin, can effectively protect against indoor-biting and outdoor-biting malaria mosquitoes

Mmbando

Ngowo

Limwagu

et al. 2018

Malar J

124

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“…User compliance is a major limitation of most topical insect repellents [12,15,16] and since topical repellents are applied to the skin, most users prefer insect repellents which are cosmetically pleasant in terms of odour and feel on the skin; in addition to providing protection from biting insects [38]. In this study, all volunteers preferred to use MAÏA® repellent ointment compared to 20% DEET because those who applied MAÏA® repellent reported that the ointment felt better on their skin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Therefore, deployment of topical mosquito repellents for malaria prevention is not recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as an intervention with public health value but maybe bene cial as an intervention to provide personal protection against malaria [13,14]. Topical repellents must be applied daily or even several times a day, and poor user compliance is a major limitation to the effectiveness of topical repellents [12,15,16]. Common reasons for poor compliance include forgetting to apply the repellent [15,17], poor acceptability including unpleasant smell or greasy "feel" on the skin [17] and the perception that repellents are poisonous [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single blinded semi-field evaluation of MAÏA® topical repellent ointment compared to unformulated 20% DEET against Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis and Aedes aegypti in Tanzania

Mbuba

Odufuwa

Tenywa

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background N, N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) topical mosquito repellents are effective personal protection tools. However, DEET-based repellents tend to have low consumer acceptability because they are cosmetically unappealing. More attractive formulations are needed to encourage regular user compliance. This study evaluated the protective efficacy and protection duration of a new topical repellent ointment containing 15% DEET, MAÏA® compared to 20% DEET in ethanol using malaria and dengue mosquito vectors in Bagamoyo Tanzania.Methods Fully balanced 3x3 Latin square design studies were conducted in large semi-field chambers using laboratory strains of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, Anopheles arabiensis and Aedes aegypti. Human volunteers applied either MAÏA® ointment, 20% DEET or ethanol to their lower limbs six hours before the start of tests. Approximately 100 mosquitoes per strain per replicate were released inside each chamber, with 25 mosquitoes released at regular intervals during the collection period to maintain adequate biting pressure throughout the test. Volunteers recaptured mosquitoes landing on their lower limbs for six hours over a period of six to 12-hours post-application of repellents. Data analysis was conducted using mixed-effects logistic regression.Results The protective efficacy of MAÏA® and 20% DEET was not different for each of the mosquito strains: 95.9% vs 97.4% against An. gambiae (OR=1.53 [95% CI: 0.93–2.51] p=0.091); 96.8% vs 97.2% against An. arabiensis (OR =1.08 [95% CI: 0.66 –1.77] P=0.757); 93.1% vs 94.6% against Ae. aegypti (OR=0.76 [95% CI: 0.20-2.80] p=0.675). Average complete protection time (CPT) of MAÏA® and that of DEET was similar for each of the mosquito strains: 571.6 minutes (95% CI: 558.3-584.8) vs 575.0 minutes (95% CI: 562.1-587.9) against An. gambiae; 585.6 minutes (95% CI: 571.4-599.8) vs 580.9 minutes (95% CI: 571.1-590.7) against An. arabiensis; 444.1 minutes (95% CI: 401.8-486.5) vs 436.9 minutes (95% CI: 405.2-468.5) against Ae. aegypti.Conclusions MAÏA® repellent ointment provides complete protection for 9 hours against both An. gambiae and An. arabiensis, and 7 hours against Ae. aegypti similar to 20% DEET (in ethanol). MAÏA® repellent ointment can be recommended to be used as a tool for prevention of outdoor biting mosquitoes in tropical locations as it protects for more than 6 hours.

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“…This search strategy was adapted from a Cochrane Collaboration Review Protocol ("Mosquito repellents for malaria prevention -Protocol)" (77). We searched in PubMed and Embase databases.…”

Section: Fundingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A rapid review of personal protective measures for preventing Zika virus infection among pregnant women

Pileggi

Braga

Bellíssimo-Rodrigues

et al. 2016

Bull. World Health Organ.

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Background. Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy is associated with fetal microcephaly and other severe malformations, and the World Health Organization declared that this situation is a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in 2016. ZIKV is predominantly transmitted by Aedes spp. mosquitos, and although there is no direct evidence regarding personal protective measures targeting ZIKV infection, there is indirect evidence from studies of other arboviruses that share the same vector (e.g., dengue and chikungunya fever). Therefore, this rapid review evaluated personal protective measures that aim to prevent Aedes spp. mosquito bites and/or infection with related arboviruses. Methods. We searched the PubMed and Embase databases and grey literature for the last 10 years (up to March 25, 2016) to identify studies that evaluate the safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of personal protective measures. A total of 17 studies were included. Findings. Mosquito repellents (e.g., N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide/DEET, icaridin/picaridin, and IR3535) effectively prevented mosquito bites at different dosages, although these repellents were not evaluated in the context of preventing arbovirus infections. Citriodora extracts provided low efficacy. Nets that were treated using permethrin and deltamethrin effectively prevented dengue. There was no evidence of any teratogenic effects from the in vitro and animal model studies that evaluated these substances. Only DEET and permethrin were tested in clinical trials that included pregnant women, and both substances were considered safe. Conclusion. Although definitive data is lacking, insecticide-treated nets and mosquito repellents may be considered safe and potentially effective measures for preventing ZIKV infection during pregnancy.

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Mosquito repellents for malaria prevention

Abstract: Analysis 3.3. Comparison 3 Spatial repellents compared to placebo or no treatment, Outcome 3 Reduction in mosquito bites..... Analysis 3.4. Comparison 3 Spatial repellents compared to placebo or no treatment, Outcome 4 Adverse events.

Cited by 26 publications

References 23 publications

Eave ribbons treated with the spatial repellent, transfluthrin, can effectively protect against indoor-biting and outdoor-biting malaria mosquitoes

Eave ribbons treated with the spatial repellent, transfluthrin, can effectively protect against indoor-biting and outdoor-biting malaria mosquitoes

Single blinded semi-field evaluation of MAÏA® topical repellent ointment compared to unformulated 20% DEET against Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis and Aedes aegypti in Tanzania

A rapid review of personal protective measures for preventing Zika virus infection among pregnant women

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Mosquito repellents for malaria prevention

Abstract: Analysis 3.3. Comparison 3 Spatial repellents compared to placebo or no treatment, Outcome 3 Reduction in mosquito bites..... Analysis 3.4. Comparison 3 Spatial repellents compared to placebo or no treatment, Outcome 4 Adverse events.

Cited by 26 publications

References 23 publications

Eave ribbons treated with the spatial repellent, transfluthrin, can effectively protect against indoor-biting and outdoor-biting malaria mosquitoes

Eave ribbons treated with the spatial repellent, transfluthrin, can effectively protect against indoor-biting and outdoor-biting malaria mosquitoes

Single blinded semi-field evaluation of&nbsp;MAÏA®&nbsp;topical&nbsp;repellent&nbsp;ointment compared to unformulated 20% DEET against&nbsp;Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles&nbsp;arabiensis&nbsp;and&nbsp;Aedes aegypti&nbsp;in&nbsp;Tanzania

A rapid review of personal protective measures for preventing Zika virus infection among pregnant women

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Single blinded semi-field evaluation of MAÏA® topical repellent ointment compared to unformulated 20% DEET against Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis and Aedes aegypti in Tanzania