Mortality in People with Type 2 Diabetes Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Population Level Analysis of Potential Risk Factors

Abstract

Introduction Research is ongoing to increase our understanding of how much a previous diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affects someone’s risk of becoming seriously unwell following a COVID-19 infection. In this study we set out to determine the relative likelihood of death following COVID-19 infection in people with T2DM when compared to those without T2DM. This was conducted as an urban population study and based in the UK. Methods Analysis of electronic health record data was performed relating to people living in the Greater Manchester conurbation (population 2.82 million) who had a recorded diagnosis of T2DM and subsequent COVID-19 confirmed infection. Each individual with T2DM ( n = 13,807) was matched with three COVID-19-infected non-diabetes controls ( n = 39,583). Data were extracted from the Greater Manchester Care Record (GMCR) database for the period 1 January 2020 to 30 June 2021. Social disadvantage was assessed through Townsend scores. Death rates were compared in people with T2DM to their respective non-diabetes controls; potential predictive factors influencing the relative likelihood of admission were ascertained using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Results For individuals with T2DM, their mortality rate after a COVID-19 positive test was 7.7% vs 6.0% in matched controls; the relative risk (RR) of death was 1.28. From univariate analysis performed within the group of individuals with T2DM, the likelihood of death following a COVID-19 recorded infection was lower in people taking metformin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) or a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonist. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and hypertension were associated with increased mortality and had odds ratios of 0.96 (95% confidence interval 0.96–0.97) and 1.92 (95% confidence interval 1.68–2.20), respectively. Likelihood of death following a COVID-19 infection was also higher in those people with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or severe enduring mental illness but not with asthma, and in people taking aspirin/clopidogrel/insulin. Smoking in people with T2DM significantly increased mortality rate (odds ratio of 1.46; 95% confidence interval 1.29–1.65). In a combined analysis of patients with T2DM and controls, multiple regression modelling indicated that the factors independently relating to a higher likelihood of death (accounting for 26% of variance) were T2DM, age, male gender and social deprivation (higher Townsend score). Conclusion Following confirmed infection with COVID-19 a number of factors are associated with mortality in individuals with T2DM. Prescription of metformin, SGLT2is or GLP-1 agonists and non-smoking status appeared to be associated with a reduced the risk of death for people with T2DM. Age, male sex and social disadvantage are associated with an increased risk ...

Shedding of Infectious SARS-CoV-2 Despite Vaccination

“…Age and male sex have been considered risk factors for COVID-19 disease [22][23][24][25][26]. While one might hypothesize that older individuals and/or males might have higher SARS-CoV-2 burdens and therefore lower Ct values at the time of testing, evidence for this is mixed, with some studies reporting lower Ct values in older individuals [24,27], others in younger individuals [28], and still others finding no difference by age [20,[29][30][31][32][33][34].…”

Shedding of infectious SARS-CoV-2 despite vaccination

“…We therefore asked whether Ct values decreased as a function of time between last vaccination and the time at which individuals tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Indeed, when considering all vaccine products combined, there was Age and male sex have been considered risk factors for COVID-19 disease [22][23][24][25][26]. While one might hypothesize that older individuals and/or males might have higher SARS-CoV-2 burdens and therefore lower Ct values at the time of testing, evidence for this is mixed, with some studies reporting lower Ct values in older individuals [24,27], others in younger individuals [28], and still others finding no difference by age [20,[29][30][31][32][33][34].…”

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